Biographical Criticism: To Build a Fire by Jack London

The short story â€Å"To Build a Fire† is not the typical man versus man struggle. It is more of a man versus nature, or in other perspective, a man versus himself struggle. It only has two characters, a man and a dog, both traversing a snowy path towards a certain place, despite knowing the inevitability of danger or even death itself. In the end, death was sure for the man, as his struggle against himself and against nature ended drastically.The dog, following his instinct, went away towards safety. But the story is not only a work of fiction. It is in itself, a combination of the writer’s imagination and his real life. Jack London is one of those writers who lived a very colorful life. Jack London is not the typical writer who wrote for pleasure in his pastime or has made a living out of writing. London grew up without knowing his dad, and eventually lived his life under the care of a foster parent.He worked manual labor in both land and sea, and when he finds a free time, that’s when he scribbles down his thoughts. London literally struggled against himself and his environment. When the time came that he has to live by himself, he worked hard in order to sustain his needs. It was like trying to create a fire in a vast land covered by snow so that you would survive the night and would not freeze to death. He has to take care of everything in order to survive.As a man, Jack London grew up in a hostile environment full of snow which would kill him anytime if he doesn’t take care of himself. The story â€Å"To Build a Fire† is not just the work of imagination by Jack London. Somehow, it is affected by his outlook in life, as well as his influences in life. All of his struggles against himself and his harsh environment were reflected in the story. These struggles would literally make or break you. It made Jack London, and it killed the man in the story.

Mia philippines Essay

The Philippines was first put on the map by Portuguese adventurer Magellan working for the Spanish throne on March 16, 1521. The Philippines had become a Spanish colony and was the first country to be named after a sovereign, Phillip II of Spain.1 Spanish rule had continued until 1898 when the Philippines had become an American colony following the Spanish-American War for the stately sum of $20 million. In 1942 during WWII, the Philippines had fallen under Japanese occupation and was liberated by American and Filipino forces under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur in a fiercely contested battle that raged on between 1944 and 1945. The Philippines had attained its independence on July 4, 1946, and had a functioning democratic system. 2 The Philippines Archipelago consisted of 7,100 islands, covering an area of 299,735 square kilometers and was slightly larger than Arizona. The capital city of Manila was situated on the largest Philippine island of Luzon (see Exhibit 1). The Philippines had a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of $3,400.3 The percentage of the population of the Philippines living below US$2 a day was 45.2 per cent in 2006.4 PHILIPPINE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Research conducted in 2009 showed that the Philippines was ranked 140th for ease of doing business and 155th for starting a business, out of a total of 178 countries. It took on average 15 procedures and a total of 52 days to complete business startup procedures in the Philippines compared to six procedures and 44.2 days and 5.8 procedures and 13.4 days for the same process in Asia and Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, respectively.5 The Philippines had the second lowest savings and investment as share of GDP ratio in Asia6 (see Exhibit 2). PHILIPPINE FISHING INDUSTRY The Philippines has total territorial waters of 2.2 million square kilometers, of which coastal waters comprise 266,000 square kilometers and coastal reef area (10 to 20 fathoms deep, where reef fishing takes place) comprise 27,000 square kilometers.7 In 2003, the Philippines ranked eighth among the top fish-producing countries in the world with its total production of 3.62 million metric tons of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic plants (including seaweed). The production constituted 2.5 per cent of the total world production of 146.27 million metric tons.8 The fishing industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP was 2.3 per cent and 4.2 per cent, at current and constant prices, respectively. The industry employed a total of 1,614,368 fishing operators nationwide,9 of which the artisanal fisheries sector accounted for 1,371,676.10 Artisanal fishing operations were typically family-based and used smaller craft. There were a total of 469,807 fishing boats in the Philippines, of which 292,180 were non-motorized and 177,627 were motorized.11 Fish was not only an important source of nutrition, but as fishing did not require landownership or special permits it was an employment of last resort for people who had no other means of subsistence. MIA, DENMARK MIA was established in Denmark in 1975 by wealthy businessman Hagen Nordstrom, who dedicated the NGO to his wife Mia and made fighting poverty his life’s work. (MIA stood for â€Å"beloved† in Danish.) MIA had initially focused solely on poverty-alleviating projects in Africa and had expanded its operations to Latin America and the Caribbean only in the early 1990s. The grandson of Nordstrom, Gillis Nordstrom, had taken over as MIA chairman in 2004 on the eve of the Bander Aceh Tsunami of December 26, 2004, which devastated Southeast Asia and killed as many as 130,000 people.12 Nordstrom had taken initiative and redirected MIA to focus on disaster recovery and poverty alleviation projects in Southeast Asia. MIA had established an office in Manila in January 2006, and the young Danish development economist Borje Petersen was hired to manage the MIA Philippines office. Petersen was paid a starting salary of $75,000 a year plus housing, slightly below average for a comparable development economist position. Petersen knew that MIA’s attention was focused on Indonesia and Malaysia, which had been the hardest hit by the tsunami, and was anxious to carve out a position for MIA Philippines by designing an exceptional project. As the expansion into Asia was the pet project of MIA’s chairman, Petersen felt assured that funding would be easily appropriated and even expedited. Petersen knew that the average overseas posting for a development economist for MIA was two years and had quickly established contact with local and international stakeholders and set up numerous meetings with large development project counterparts such as the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the German development aid organization GFZ to get an expedited understanding of the Philippines and its unique needs. Based on the initial research, Petersen had decided that, whereas an agricultural project would be feasible, it would take a long time to realize and the outcome could be complicated given the Philippines’ proneness to be hit by typhoons. Petersen’s research had revealed that small-scale aquaculture projects had been successfully implemented in the Philippines in the past. However, there were hardly any projects to speak of directed at artisanal fishing and picking up on the vested opportunity and his desire to deliver fast results and prove himself worthy of the task that MIA and its chairman demanded, he had chosen to design a project helping artisanal fishermen. Petersen had researched the possibility of helping a fishing village close to Manila and the search for the ideal village had come to a successful ending when MIA’s driver, Vicente Tubo, had mentioned how some of his distant cousins fished for a living in a fishing village seven to nine hours by car from Manila. A factfinding mission to the village Barangay San Hagon was undertaken and the village was thus chosen as the beneficiary of MIA’s pilot project in the Philippines. BARANGAY SAN HAGON Barangay San Hagon boasted 125 households and had a resident population of 625. San Hagon lay on the south coast of Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines. The Barangay was the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and stemmed from the Spanish â€Å"Barrio.†13 Barangay San Hagon was administered by a local government unit (LGU) and consisted of seven Barangay council members and a chairman. The chairman of Barangay San Hagon was Rafael Buenaventura, age 59, who had held office for more than a decade. Fishing villages in the Philippines were very vulnerable to external risk, especially natural calamities such as typhoons, flooding and fish kills, which severely affected their financial situation.

Disability Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disability Interview - Assignment Example Mike used to be quite popular with his social network; the life of the party who was well-respected prior to his injury. Mike has found that his social invitations are nearly non-existent since the injury, causing him significant frustration at the social level. Emotionally, Mike is having adjustment problems with being forced to live back at home with his parents while he attempts to adjust to his disability. Having been an independent person before the accident, Mike often finds himself lashing out at others in frustration and anger over his life situation. At the psychological level, Mike described what would be referred to as defense mechanisms, often denying that his disability exists so that he can cope with the situation. At the physical level, Mike has a difficult time performing simple tasks such as tying his shoes, eating a meal, or even using the restroom independently. Mike’s right arm was severed which had been his dominant hand for basic lifestyle needs such as writing. Even though Mike receives ongoing parental support and encouragement, he still has not learned basic rudimentary skills without assistance or the use of a vocal translator on his personal computer. At the functional level, Mike would essentially be categorized as moderately functional, requiring significant external assistance in many different areas of lifestyle. Mike has learned to overcome his emotional concern over lost friendships through a series of meditation practices mandated by his primary physician. Mike had a long-term girlfriend who abruptly abandoned him after discovering his disability. At the social and emotional levels, Mike is exploring alternative dating websites which match people with like disabilities for romantic encounters. Additionally, Mike has finally learned to overcome his career deficiencies by being linked with a recruiter who manages people with his condition. At the vocational level, Mike is taking extended coursework in an

How have the culture and mentality of the Chinese contributed to their Research Paper

How have the culture and mentality of the Chinese contributed to their success as entrepreneurs - Research Paper Example This unusual success is based on the Chinese culture and customs. Chinese school of thought Confucianism has deep roots with the entrepreneurship. Confucianism evokes qualities like hard work and constant struggle and also suggests that people should do such actions which become a source of pride for not only their family but for the state also. The Chinese custom of saving money and not using more than their needs, help them to investment in their business. Confucianism allows its followers to lead a loyal and modest life, and not using corruption as a tool to progress. Along with other qualities like interpersonal relation, self discipline and risk taking, the importance given by Chinese government on education has helped them to come up with latest and innovational solutions in the field of science and technology. The state is now taken extra steps to motivate young individuals to enter in the world of entrepreneurs and try to facilitate them in every way. Loans, coaching and help are offered to the interesting candidates. Thus their culture and the policies offered by the country helps the Chinese entrepreneurs to succeed beyond others. ..

Costs in Arbitration Proceedings and Tribunals Assignment

Costs in Arbitration Proceedings and Tribunals - Assignment Example the arbitrators and administrative expenses set by the tribunal, in agreement with the scale in power at the instance of the start of the arbitral proceedings, also the fees and expenses of given experts selected by the Arbitral Tribunal and the sensible legal and other costs sustained by the parties for the arbitration. Miss Duval as arbitrator must itemize expenses on the statement of cost in a layout certified by the General Counsel and must state the name and contacts to which payment must be made (Booter Construction Limited). In the situation whereby there is need for rate adjustment proceeding, every statement of cost must indicate each partys portion of the sum cost and the sum owed by that party, or otherwise, reflects the technique of payment approved upon by the arbitrator and parties. The procedure of assessment of costs involve systematic approach whereby Miss Duval must evaluate the costs involve and fairly make the award of costs, in accordance to existing laws and reg ulation. The Arbitration Act 1996 regulation would assist Miss Duval in the assessment of costs as it gives some standards to be followed by arbitrators in the assessment of the costs. All the principles are not mandatory as in some cases the parties may contract out. According to Section 61 chapter two, the arbitrator is suppose to award costs on the broad principle that costs should be attached to the event in case the two parties do not contract out. This means that the arbitrator, in order to come up with the costs; need to follow the case and its unique circumstances. According to section 63 of arbitration Act 1996 that discusses the recoverable costs of the arbitration.1 Section 1 declares that the parties are at liberty to concur what expenses and fees of the arbitration are recoverable. These provisions can assist Miss Duval in the procedure of assessing the cost since all the provisions and requirements are stipulated. This case declares that Miss Duval has been instructed to

Implications of Computerized Phyisician Order Entry will have on Essay

Implications of Computerized Phyisician Order Entry will have on Nursing - Essay Example However, the cost of implementation is feared by many hospitals, making the rate of adoption of the process quite low. According to Bates et al. (1999) errors also result to injury or adverse drug event (ADE), resulting to extra work in the hospital. Surprisingly, some ADEs could result to death, with their costs resulting to approximately $2 billion in hospitals. Computerized order entry assists physicians to write orders online, and it ensures that the orders are eligible, complete, and unambiguous. The use of a computer assists physicians in suggesting the appropriate doses while ordering and displaying the necessary laboratory data. It also assists in screening orders for any allergies. As hospitals continue to seek quality care for their patients, health information technology is mostly used in the reduction of medical errors. CPOE is one of the tools used, with an aim of improving quality and safety in hospitals. Approximately 98,000 errors occur in hospitals each year and they result from poor handwriting and miscommunications among the physicians. Nevertheless, CPOE is a savior in such situations, as it requires the providers to type patient’s orders. The CPOE systems have capabilities of reducing the occurrence of harmful drug interactions. Studies conducted have shown that CPOE have the potential to increase care of patients on monitoring and surveillance basis so as to reduce medication errors (Kazley & Diana, 2011). Implications of Computerized Physician Order Entry on Nursing The American recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 requires hospitals to be meaningful users of health information technology, in which CPOE falls under. According to Fields et al (2009, p840), CPOE are being implemented in hospitals at an increasing rate, however, nurses and nursing work is affected by CPOE in one way or another. In a study conducted by Fields et al (2009, p.840), at the community hospital in southern California where nurses were interviewed on the asp ects of CPOE and its effects on the nursing, the nurses’ responses viewed CPOE as a successful tool as it allowed them to be more intelligent when taking care of patients. The nurses viewed CPOE as efficient, as they entered orders in the computer with much ease. However, their fear was on omitting any information and nurses seemed concerned about the time they spent on the computers other than with the patient. This study proved that nurses supported CPOE as an effective measure in improving quality and care in hospitals. CPOE systems have proved to be advantageous compared to paper-based systems. They are fast and are less subjected to errors, they reduce under & over prescribing, reduce the chance of incorrect drug choices, and they make it possible to identify a prescribing physician. The orders typed in the computer are securely communicated, and only accessed by other physicians who are responsible in carrying out the orders. Therefore, CPOE fosters safer patient care p ractices and enables the tracking of physician orders easily. However, CPOE consists of unintended consequences; one of the consequences is the workflow blocks that is in form of alerts and warnings that deem a system unsafe, therefore creating worries of data loosing or delays, and sometime distrusted by nurses. The CPOE system requires computer skills and loads of data that need entry, hence being a source of stress to nurses (Moniz, 2009, p.5). Secondly, the failure to ensure that the system is consistent

Quality Pioneers (F) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quality Pioneers (F) - Essay Example Edwards was the symbol of quality, he always insisted on the quality way of doing things more on the roots. He believed in the principal of putting efforts on the production part rather than concentrating on making profit. The fitness for use theory proposed by Joseph Juran has been embraced all over the globe. Joseph insisted on meeting the customers expectations in terms of quality and explained the advantages of the product meeting or even exceeding their expectations. Being a prolific author, Joseph emphasized on customer satisfaction and shifted his focus on technical and management level. He believed in three principals, quality of planning, controlling, and improvement (K. Heldman & M. Heldman, 2007). Joseph made greater contributions in shaping the business world; he is seen as a mentor to many. His principals of ensuring the quality and customer satisfaction has made it easy for organizations to embrace his theory (Bou, and Beltran, 2005) Philip Crosby who tolerated the zero defects theory. For this to be achieved he proposed that the prevention is more important than anything is, so there must be a balance at the start of the project for quality results. He strongly believed it was wiser and cheaper to meet quality standards rather than redoing the process again. The zero defects in accordance with his book Quality free says that it must be planned (K. Heldman & M. Heldman, 2007). Researchers have found it necessary to appreciate the role he played in shaping the economic factors. Philip in his writings insisted on the need of serving the interests of customers first before that of the organization (IFLA Satellite Meeting, Savard , International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, 2002). Professionalism in the field of business economy must be guided by ethics. This means that each organization has to follow certain rules for its growth. The theories have raised more confusion as compared to solutions. This is because some

No topic required Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

No topic required - Assignment Example (0.5pt) c) List the three most fatal volcanic hazards and give a short (one line or less) description of each (1.5pts) (3.5pts total) c. (1) pyroclastic flows – high speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas that move down the sides of the volcano during explosive eruptions. (2) Lava flows – molten rocks that flow out of the volcanic vent. (3) Tsunamis – a long period seismic generated by a sudden displacement of water. 3) a) What are the three Vs that a volcanic eruption depends on? b) What is the difference between magma and lava? c) Increasing magma’s viscosity increases or decreases its explosiveness? d) As sea floor spreads, new magma from the asthenosphere gets to the surface and drifts apart. Where does this type of process occur? (2 pts.; 0.5 each) 6) Earth Watch (March 26, 2012): An earthquake rocked the southwestern states of Mexico. a) What was the magnitude of this earthquake? (0.5 pts) b) Earth movements were felt in Indonesia as well with earthquakes of magnitude 6.2. Using the tables in book chapter 5, approximately how much less energy did this earthquake release compared to the one felt in Mexico? (1 pt.) c) New Zealand’s North Island also felt some movement with earthquakes of magnitude 4.7. Approximately, how much less energy did this earthquake release compared to the one in Mexico? (1pt) (2.5pts total) 7) Google Earth: Download the KMZ file titled Yellowstone from the class website and open the file in Google Earth. The names of the three most recent Yellowstone eruptions are labeled in blue with their ages (Ma is short for millions of years ago) and the extent of the ash fall from each eruption is diagramed by the three different red colors. a) What are the names of the three eruptions? How long ago was each eruption? (3pts) Using the Fly to option search for UCSD and locate it with respect to the Modern Yellowstone Caldera Rim. As in Homework 1, use the ruler tool to find

ADHD and teacher knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ADHD and teacher knowledge - Essay Example The most common of which is Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), or its derivative, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Such disorders cause students to be disruptive in class and behave in ways that would greatly affect teacher performance. This study is an attempt to investigate the current status of teachers knowledge of AD/HD? How does their knowledge impact their ability to work with their students? How does teacher efficacy relate to student outcomes? In reviewing the literature on teacher knowledge, it is hypothesized that teachers of regular children easily suspect inattentive and disruptive children as having ADHD. â€Å"Teacher ratings are often utilized because teachers have the opportunity to observe children in different school settings for long periods of time. One difficulty with utilizing teacher reports is that they tend to identify a higher proportion than the 3%–5% suggested in DSM–IV. For example, as many as 15% of the sample in one study would have been labeled ADHD by teachers (Weiler et al., 1999). Glass and Wegar also (2000) found that teachers identified 6% to 15% of students as having ADHD.† (Havey, Olson, McCormick and Cates, 2005). This paper likewise explores the reasons for such discrepancies. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (American Psychological Association. APA. 2000). It is complex syndrome of impairments related to the development of brain cognitive management systems or executive functions. It affects a person’s organization skills, concentration, focus and prolonged attention on a task, processing speed, short-term working memory and access recall, sustained motivation to work and the appropriate management of emotions. Brown (2007) has enumerated the executive functions of the brain that work together in various combinations as

Siberian Village Land and Life in the Sakha Republic Essay

Siberian Village Land and Life in the Sakha Republic - Essay Example The Tsarist motivation in colonizing Siberia resulted from a desire to acquire more resources. The colonization of the Yakutia by Soviet Union began as a result of building a fortress in the present day Yakutsk city, and provided shelter to Russian military, merchants, government officials and exiles. The Soviet Union government then engaged in collecting yasak, also known as fur tax, which the local community paid in a similar manner to other communities residing in Siberian regions. The policies adopted by the Soviet Union government resulted in establishing Yakutian Province, and creation of an administrative unit constituting termed as okrugs. The okrugs were further subdivided into units known as uluses. Further, the tax system implemented in the region targeted the patrilineal clan, which existed as a simple unit in terms of social organization2 . The Soviet Union government further formed administrative units within the clans to establish a bureaucratic system necessary for st ate administration. During this era, administrative posts within the Yakut society acted as vital posts for colonial positions established for the Siberian natives. However, this period resulted in the Yakut population settling, in the rural areas rather than, the colonial centres established by, the Soviet Union government. The community’s traditional settlement involved one or three dwellings that consisted of approximately twenty people. Their subsistence economy entailed breeding horses and cattle, considered vital in the winter and summer settlements3. The government established an administrative system within the community, and introduced toyons, to head these administrative clans. However, the toyons adopted a militant aristocracy by amassing power in the area of politics and economy. The introduction of toyons resulted in each district accommodating approximately seven percent of toyons within the population. They grabbed more land within the districts and owned more domestic animals at the expense of the population in their administrative posts. In addition, the toyon clans acquired more influence after their registration by the colonial administration, as administrative units. Because of the Soviet Union’s reorganization, the patrilineal clans embraced by the Yakut became unfunctionally4. During the period of Russian Revolution, the Yakuts were already engaged in a push for autonomy. In that period, Yakutia dominance revolves around the Shakha. On the other hand, the Soviet Union comprised approximately ten percent of the population. The elite among the sakha were relatively knowledgeable in relation to the political sphere, as a result of the existence of intelligent exiles from Russia. In the process of clamouring for autonomy, Yakut got embroiled in the Russian Civil war. As a result, a conflict emerged between two divergent groups where, one group advocated for uniting with Far East Siberia, to establish a Republic under the protect ion of the Japanese. Conversely, the opposing group, formed alliances to assist in the cause of fighting against communism. The end of the struggle resulted in the establishment of an autonomous Yakut, under Moscow control5. The Soviet Union relied on the illusionary established autonomous Yakut for resources ideal in enhancing industrial growth in Russia.

Gods Intervention in the world Essay Example for Free

Gods Intervention in the world Essay Explain what is meant by the bible describing God as a miracle worker? Miracles have been reported all over the world for thousands of years. In most scenarios miracles are related to God, and the activity of God within the world suggesting Gods imminence. The world miracle originates from the word miraculum meaning a thing of wonder. It is an interruption to the processes of nature that cannot be explained by natural laws and therefore a transgression. An interruption such as this normally bears some deeper and usually religious significance. The bible recites many ideas of miracles by either God or though Jesus. Within the old testament the story of Joshua and the Israelites. This story explains how he took his army to defend a place called Gibeon and that God was on the side of Joshua and helps them defeat the enemies of Gibeon. God does this by the interruption of natural laws such as pro longing the days, and throwing down a storm of hail. Other texts within the bible suggest miracles performed by God. For example during the story of Moses where he parts the reed sea in order for the Israelites to escape from the Egyptians. Another way miracles are shown within the bible is through Jesus. This is shown in such miracles as the feeding of 5000 and healing of the paralysed man Jesus was told to even bring people back to life. The bible uses these miracles to show Gods immanence within the world and his the relationship between God and humanity. miracles make it difficult to believe in a reliable god The idea of miracles is that they defy the laws of nature. That God Is transcendent but shows his power and goodness by interacting within the world as a miracle worker. For many who have experienced miracles they see it as an experience with God, for an example the theopany between God and Moses. However many issues are raised by the idea of God interfering in the lives of others. Firstly, some people see miracles as being morally unfair. They would say that if God was all good why would he interfere in the lives of some and not others. Why would a good God chose to help certain people and leave others to suffer. For example God helped the Jews many times within the bible whether it be in the story of Moses, Joshua or the feeding of 5000. However let them suffer through persecution so badly during the holocaust of world war two. Not only this but through the stories of Joshua and Moses God is choosing to help some people, in this case the Israelites but not the Egyptians or the enemies of Gibeon if God is the creator of everything in order to be morally correct God should be fair and just. Furthermore in some accounts of miracles from the bible God chooses to help a single person, how would God chose who to help and who to stay in suffering if God was just and fair. A miracle itself therefore contradicts Gods omnibenevolence. Miracles also make God uncertain. According to religious believers God is the creator of everything creation ex nihilo and yet for a miracle to exist God must work against his own creation to create a miracle. This questions Gods immanence as it goes against the idea that God is omniscient and never changing. By producing miracles the original laws created by God are uncertain and changeable. Why would a God that is all God and powerful need to work against his own creation there should be no need for miracles. God looked as his work and saw it was good. How could God be the creator of the earth and want to change how it works?Maurice wiles would agree with this arguing that God couldnt intervene on an individual level without undermining his whole creation. And that a good who could reject some suffering whilst choosing to help others it not worthy of worship. Although many follow this argument there are those who would say there does not need to be a choice between natural law and miracles, that they can co exist within the same world. That science can only develop by accepting new ideas of which miracles could be one. Also that miracles can have the same sorts of evidence as that of science, accounts by people, memories or physical traces left behind. David Hume is another philosopher who rejects that a reliable God cannot be a God of miracles. He suggests that miracles have nothing to do with God and that those talk of experiencing miraculous events are barbarous ignorant and gullible By this he means that the idea of God creating miracle is simply an excuse for those who cannot understand the true and natural reason for the occurrence. On the other hand there are those who would argue with the ideas of Hume and others sharing that opinion. They would say that although it is questionable as to whether miracles exist and are caused by God there is and equal lack of evidence to deny the occurrence of miracles. Equally that for a religious person it is not to question how God interacts within the world, just to have faith and accept that God is omnipotent, omni benevolent etc and that God must perform these miracles for a reason that is beyond the understanding of humans but is for a good cause.

Ethics on Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative Essay Example for Free

Ethics on Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative Essay Abstract : . Kant’s ideas or his take on ethics was based upon autonomy (self-governance), and reason. He believed that unless a person freely and willingly makes a choice, then their action has no meaning much less any moral value. Kant also thought that every man when using reason when analyzing moral dilemmas would in fact agree with what he called the Categorical Imperative. In accordance with the good will aspects Kant’s claims on good will is the only thing that can be considered good without limitation. In this paper I will discuss several situations that I have been involved in where both the Categorical Imperative and a good will have applied to my personal experiences. Before I get started I would like to shed a little more light on the Categorical Imperative that Kant and others viewed as very valuable and vital if trying to understand the complexity of ethics and his moral philosophy. It is also important that one must clearly interpret exactly what the Categorical Imperative consist of before trying to administer or apply its formula to anyone. As human beings we tend to always have to have a logical answer based on reasoning from one source or another. Kant as a philosopher probably conceived ethics as the study of how it would be most rational to act, which is pretty straight forward indeed, but a few of the core aspects of Kant’s Categorical Imperative have many arguments posed against them especially from a Utilitarian perspective. I have done a lot of things that can merit a superior conclusion, and I have also committed acts that result in me being rewarded. Now as far as the inferior side of the coin goes, did I enjoy the rewards or gratitude given to me due to my actions that were viewed as moral or the right thing to do? Yes I enjoyed them and I will probably sub-consciously commit those same acts again. Now in accordance with the superior side of things I also have helped others I never even met just because I felt that it was a good will and I stand by those which make them a principle. Therefore I am superior in those particular cases. I do not believe that it is hard to find an individual that acts out of mere principle and expects no reward, I believe that it is just a lot of dishonest and naive people that are not willing to be honest about their true reason or rationalizing. The philosophical views from one of the greatest German philosophers to ever live continue to interest and influence scholarly opinions all around the world. Immanuel Kant was one of those brilliant thinkers or philosophers that were able to give valuable insight that surround many different ethical values of morality. Kant’s ideas or his take on ethics was based upon autonomy (self-governance), and reason. He believed that unless a person freely and willingly makes a choice, then their action has no meaning much less any moral value. Kant also thought that every man when using reason when analyzing moral dilemmas would in fact agree with what he called the Categorical Imperative. In accordance with the good will aspects Kant’s claims on good will is the only thing that can be considered good without limitation. In this paper I will discuss several situations that I have been involved in where both the Categorical Imperative and a good will have applied to my personal experiences. Before I get started I would like to shed a little more light on the Categorical Imperative that Kant and others viewed as very valuable and vital if trying to understand the complexity of ethics and his moral philosophy. It is also important that one must clearly interpret exactly what the Categorical Imperative consist of before trying to administer or apply its formula to anyone. As human beings we tend to always have to have a logical answer based on reasoning from one source or another. Kant as a philosopher probably conceived ethics as the study of how it would be most rational to act, which is pretty straight forward indeed, but a few of the core aspects of Kant’s Categorical Imperative have many arguments posed against them especially from a Utilitarian perspective. I have done a lot of things that can merit a superior conclusion, and I have also committed acts that result in me being rewarded. Now as far as the inferior side of the coin goes, did I enjoy the rewards or gratitude given to me due to my actions that were viewed as moral or the right thing to do? Yes I enjoyed them and I will probably sub-consciously commit those same acts again. Now in accordance with the superior side of things I also have helped others I never even met just because I felt that it was a good will and I stand by those which make them a principle. Therefore I am superior in those particular cases. I do not believe that it is hard to find an individual that acts out of mere principle and expects no reward, I believe that it is just a lot of dishonest and naive people that are not willing to be honest about their true reason or rationalizing. Just because one person may will a certain thing does not mean that the majority of people will follow suit. For example a key element of Kant’s theory is the concept of intentions or intent. To him the actual outcome or the consequences of a particular action doesn’t matter at all, it’s the intentional aspects he is concerned with. Imagine that you are a serial killer just walking down the street and you see a defenseless elderly woman walking in front of you. It’s no one else around and it’s very dark on the streets. You also have a knife to ensure a silent job and a very easy kill. Now let’s say you decide not to kill this elderly woman and spare her life, but not because you are worried about acting immorally but you did not want to risk her screaming and alerting anyone else that she was being attacked. In the end u decided not to act on your will then according to Kant you have not acted ethically. That’s where I find flaw in his analysis and theory. So our actions according to Kant’s philosophy doesn’t make us a better person because when you acted or (chose not to act), you weren’t considering action in terms of its morality. You actually abandoned the ideas of moral choice, and merely acted out of a sense of self preservation. However if you did chose not to kill the elderly woman because you suddenly realized that it was wrong to do so, then you would have acted morally according to Kant’s theory on Categorical Imperative. Can the Categorical Imperative even accurate enough and practical to be applied into a personal real life ethical dilemma? I do not believe that it could. My interpretation of Kant’s theory was the he thought that if everyone just used reason when trying to figure out their ethical duties, then everyone would come up with the same rules to follow. This may be true but I would say that it is very unlikely that humans will ever be unbiased enough to do this, and the Categorical Imperative fails to take into account the complexity of human beings and their relationships to one another. The formula that Kant used was the concepts surrounding universal law. By this universal law formula he was able to capture the concept that a maxim will work for everyone who it is applied too. The next formula Kant used was the end in itself which occurs when people try to use maxims, (rules that suit themselves) this formulation states that we must not treat others as if they do not have their own life, and respect their acts regardless of ethical belief. It may be my duty to give a small contribution of my earnings to charity, church, or to the homeless indeed, but a homeless man cannot demand that I do so for him because I am not a means to his end, and he has to respect that concept. The key thing to keep in mind here is that you can’t use people just as a means to an end because people are ends in themselves. For example you couldn’t kill a baby Hitler just because that will save a thousand Jews, according to Kantain perspectives. With the baby Hitler example the maxim would be â€Å"killing babies that will commit genocide when they grow up†. On the contrary what if that was a moral rule; like you must kill any babies that will grow up and commit genocide. If the maxim could function as a rule, then actions based on it will be morally right. These maxims also serve as a way to better understand the rigidly parameters that surround ethical issues. Now as I said earlier on I have a foot-hole in both aspects of this topic. I have done things to receive rewards especially when beautiful women are around. And I have also just given a pure stranger a ride home in the rain after seeing them struggle with groceries. And I never told a soul it was just a mere act of kindness and the ethical thing to do as far as good will goes. That is what makes Kant’s theory in my eyes as secondary to my individuality. I do not agree with him on some aspects of his analysis and some I can relate too. We all are presented with these scenarios and many of us as typical human beings tend to neglect the infrastructure behind morality of ethical issues. I would say that ethical theory must have examples attached to them; otherwise it wouldn’t be a very good ethical theory. These theories can never be applied practically if one could not imagine using them in different circumstances. The Categorical Imperative does sort of show any rational thinking person both how to tell the difference between right and wrong, and the moral necessity to choose to act in accordance with what’s right. Personally I fall right in between when it comes to this as I said I have done a little of both sides, being superior( acting out of principles), and I have acted to gain reward but not as much as I have been considered superior. I try my best to act accordingly with morality, and being a dedicated Christian this isn’t that hard. My main source of morality stems from the Bible. I use the Bibles principles as a guideline to how to act morally. I believe that this is the only true source of ethical acts, and that there is no man made doctrines or philosophies that can properly address this complex issue. As long as I understood Gods Laws and follow a righteous path, morality or acting morally comes like second nature. So to sum it all up about Kant’s perspectives I believe he was a little more concerned with a person’s intentions than a consequentialist with utilitarian views, but Kant did feel that if you didn’t act according to the Categorical Imperative you could be accused of acting unethically. It was clear that Kant like me was not content with the popular moral philosophy of his day. According to Kant, when we act upon a maxim that can’t be universalized or (willed by everyone else) we are contradicting ourselves. Meaning that without a will that everyone else views as objective then any action taken can potentially contradict one’s self. To further understand Kant’s philosophy I will walk you through a series of scenarios that I have experienced in my life. I can recall several occasions where the categorical Imperative aspect of Kant’s philosophy has shed light on my ethical or morally based actions. One afternoon I was riding down the street and I noticed a few guys struggling with groceries trying to get back to their school. I could have kept going and actually I did, but I decided to turn around and offer them a ride to their destination. Now according to Kant’s good will I acted on a matter of principle, and not to gain reward. There was nothing I expected to gain from my actions. Now if I had asked them for gas money or maybe some sort of payment for the ride then at that point I become inferior according to Kant’s Categorical Imperative. There was another instance when I acted morally and ethically in Kant’s eyes and that was the time I acknowledged an older woman attempting to put air in her tire at Kroger grocery store. Actually at the time I was in need of air for my tire too and the clerk had turned on the machine but before I got there to it she came and was experiencing trouble getting the air in her tire. I politely offered her assistance and she was very grateful and she insisted that I take five dollars for my actions. Now I in fact was not expecting to get paid for this, but she insisted that I take it. I made it very clear that I felt that this was a universal duty of mine to assist at a time when my assistance was clearly needed. She was older and having trouble with the air pump so I felt an obligation to assist her so I did so. Now did I act morally according to Kant’s Categorical Imperative and the good will? Was I superior or inferior? Yes I acted morally because Kant was not concerned with outcome or consequences he only focused on the intent of that particular action. Kant also emphasizes the absolute necessity of separating genuine morality from all empirical considerations. I find Kants formula to be a valuable tool but it neglects to define moral law as God-given.

Learning Outcome Peg Feeding Nursing Essay

Learning Outcome Peg Feeding Nursing Essay In this reflective essay I am going to discuss a learning outcome in which I have become competent to practice. To reflect on my learning outcome I am going to use Gibbs reflective model (1988). The Gibbs reflective model is a well known and used model in reflective practice. It consists six steps which I will describe step by step as my essay will progress. In the nursing care process it is a responsibility of a nurse to provide holistic care to the patient who is under our care. Our focus is to enable them to cope, prevent, solve or alleviate the problem from which they are suffering and not able to carry out their normal life. Our aim is to help and teach patients how to meet their daily needs in other ways. The learning outcome I have chosen to reflect is PEG feeding which is an alternative way to provide nutrition to a patient who is not able to obtain nutrition through the mouth. The first step of Gibbs reflective cycle is a description of the event. One service user in my placement area whom I will call Mrs. P to maintain her confidentiality (NMC 2008) is suffering from progressive supranuclear palsy, a condition in which as the condition progresses patient losses abilities i.e. Swallowing, speech, maintaining balance, eye movement. As a result of this condition she developed dysphagia and it was not possible to maintain her nutrition via oral intake. Thus, multidisciplinary team and family decided to place her on PEG feeding. PEG tube is more appropriate than nasogastric tube for long term feeding as it avoids delays in feeding and discomfort associated with displacement (National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care 2006). During my placement one of the nurses asks me to go and give her water through the PEG tube. Although I did it before in my country I was familiar with it but I didnt practice for a long time and as I have seen the condition of Mrs. P. I wasnt confident to carry out the task. I discussed it with my mentor and we decide that I can take it as a learning outcome during my training to make myself competent with PEG feeding skill. As I am going into the second stage of Gibbs reflective model (1988) in which I will discuss about my thoughts and feelings. When the nurse asked me to give the water via PEG tube, at first I was feeling myself stupid to ask for help thinking that what impression I will make on that nurse. This feeling came into my mind as a result of a thought that I am a registered nurse in my country so I should know this. But I lost my confidence when I went in Mrs.Ps room and observed her condition i.e. Slurring speech, problem with balance, mobility problem and pain in her neck. So I decide to ask the nurse to perform the task and I also observed it. While she was giving her feed, I found that she was coughing a lot and wasnt comfortable. Which I thought was due to her position and the nurse explained me and justify my thought that it is because of her condition. I was not satisfied with her explanations and as a supervised practice nurse I wasnt able to oppose her. I decide to read more about the PEG feeding and discussed it with my mentor. The third stage of the Gibbs model (1988) of reflection is an evaluation which requires the practitioner to consider the good and bad things about the event. The patient should be positioned where the patient can sit up as much as possible in a supported midline position (Dougherty and lister 2008) while giving PEG feeding. The nurse who gave feeding didnt correct Mrs. Ps position as she was in a semi upright position. Furthermore, before starting and at the end of the feeding, she didnt clean the tip of the tube. The tip of the tube should be cleaned daily with water and a small brush (Loser et al.2005). However, the good practice I observed that nurse informed the procedure to Mrs. P which is important according to the NMC (2008) to make her understand the procedure and give her consent. In addition, to avoid tube adhering to the stoma skin rotate it 360 degree (Bumpers et al, 2003). The other important thing my mentor discussed with me was administration of medication through the PEG tube. According to BAPEN (2003a), never add medication directly to the eternal feed to avoid interaction between medicine and feed and flush the tube after administration to avoid tube blockage. During the discussion about PEG feeding with my mentor I found that other things to consider with PEG feedings are management of the tube, patient position and checks to carry out before feed and it is very important to avoid complications. In my placement area only Mrs. P has got PEG tube. So my mentor discussed with me that there are many indications for PEG tube insertion according to the patients conditions so it is important to learn about the specific needs of that patient before performing the procedure. She discussed some scenario cases with me to understand more about it. This helped me to understand different aspects of the PEG tube The next stage of the Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) is an analysis of the event where reflector has to make sense of the event. I will analyze it by exploring the skill and looking into the evidence. The PEG feeding is a method of giving nutrients to maintain an optimal nutritional support (National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care 2006). Clinical trials have proven that there are very rare complications with PEG tubes, such as leakage (Riera et al. 2002). Through evaluation of this event I have been competent to give PEG feeding and care of the tube. The reasons for Mrs. Ps coughing explained by the nurse was from her daily experience working with her which could be right but what I found from the references was different and evidence based. So I learned from experience and through experience (Burnard 2002). It has boosted my confidence to challenge others views regarding my practice. According to stage five of Gibbs model (1988), I conclude from that every nurse does not find the same evidence based reasons for the problem but if I am practicing safe and based on evidence then my practice is safe. In the future I will make sure that I am confident and competent to perform the task and have evidence based explanation of the situations. From this particular learning outcome I have learned about a PEG feeding procedure and the care of the PEG tube The last stage of Gibbs reflective model (1988) is the action plan. My action plan for the future practice is to read more references and literatures regarding PEG feeding. There will be many different conditions regarding PEG tube in my future practice so it is necessary for me to look for more information on this particular subject to make myself excel. I also request my mentor to book me for a study day to learn more about this skill.

How Would You Resolve an Ethical Problem at Work? Essay -- Business Et

Describe an ethical problem you have encountered or might encounter in your workplace. How would you approach the problem and reach a decision to solve it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business ethics defines how a company integrates core values - such as honesty, trust, respect, and fairness - into its policies, practices, and decision-making. Business ethics is, in part, the attempt to think clearly and deeply about ethical issues in business and to arrive at conclusions that are supported by the strongest possible arguments. Ethical principles are the rules of conduct that derive from ethical values. For example, honesty is a value that governs behavior in the form of principles such as: tell the truth, don’t deceive, and don’t cheat. In a business the ultimate goal is to achieve maximum profits. There are factors affecting at different levels of the business such as finance, technology, labor, and workflow in order to maintain excellence and growth of the company. In this paper, I want to demonstrate what ethical issues I faced working as a team leader for my company and how I approached the problems in order to solve it and made decisions and solutions without disturbing the environment of the workplace. Team leaders must master a broad range of business talents and also qualities such as team leadership, setting up weekly goals and must provide their organizations with the strategies, structures, and personnel to compete in a constantly changing environment. There can be a number ...

Plato’s Portrayal of Socrates Essay -- Plato Socrates

Plato’s Portrayal of Socrates The portrayal of Socrates by his student Plato creates one of the most controversial characters of all time. There are few other personalities in history that have drawn criticism and praise from the furthest ends of each spectrum. Socrates has been called the inventor of reason and logic, and at the same time has been condemned as a corruptor and a flake. Perhaps he was all of these. Despite this disagreement, one is a certainty: Socrates had a very interesting and active sense of humor. In order to successfully demonstrate Socrates’ sense of humor, it is necessary to define a few terms. To begin, we must define â€Å"comedy† as it was looked upon in the time of Socrates, Plato, and the Greek playwrights. Greek comedy comes in many different shades depending on both the author and the subject matter. There are two types of comedy that emerge as the most common when dealing with Socrates, slapstick and intellectual humor. Aristophanes uses the former as slapstick fart jokes and the like in Clouds. In an exchange with Socrates, Strepsiades exclaims, â€Å"Yes, I revere you, much honored ones, and wish to fart in response.† (Aristophanes, Clouds, 2931). On the other hand, Plato displays comedy as a more intellectual concept dealing quite a lot with puns and especially politics during Socrates’ trial. Socrates has been found guilty of impiety and corrupting the youth and the penalty of death has been suggested. Socrates uses his opport unity to suggest an alternative punishment and suggests â€Å"to be given [my] meals in the Prytaneum2,† (Plato, Apology of Socrates, 36d3). This ridiculous â€Å"hubristic and boastful†4 proposal can only be taken as comedy because having already been found guilty, Socrates... ...ophical Perspectives, Section 4: Sixth Handout.† Sources Aristophanes. Clouds. Translated by Thomas G. West and Grace Starry West in Four Texts on Socrates. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985. Euripides. Bacchae. Translated by Paul Woodruff. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1998. Homer. The Iliad. Translated by Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Books, 1990. Plato. Apology of Socrates. Translated by Thomas G. West and Grace Starry West in Four Texts on Socrates. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. Plato. Euthyphro. Translated by Thomas G. West and Grace Starry West in Four Texts on Socrates. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. Sennet, Richard. Flesh and Stone, the Body and the City in Western Civilization. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery? Essay e

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery? Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement. The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957. The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960’s the map was bought and donated to Yale University where it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of medieval Africa, Asia, and Europe. What is most striking about the map is that it depicts Iceland, Greenland, and a part of North America known as Vinland that was thought to have been unknown before Columbus’ journey to America (Skelton 1965, p. & Brown, Clark 2002, p. 3658). In the 1950’s the idea that people had traveled to the New World before Christopher Columbus was a new concept. However since then we have found evidence that the Vikings did travel to North America before Columbus. If the Vinland Map is a true 15 th century artifact, it represents the oldest known depiction of the New World to date. There were some aspects of the map that caused confusion. For instance t he map has no history of origin (Skelton 1965, p.228). No one knows who the author might have been and there is also no date written on the map. With such a lack of historical information on the map, it is no surprise that a controversy has ensued over the authenticity of the map. Because of this controversy, many experiments have been performed att... ...raphy 1. Skelton, R.A., Marston, T.E., Painter, G.D. The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation. Yale University Press: New Haven and London, 1965. 2. McCrone, W.C. â€Å"Analysis of Medieval Document: Tested by Small Particle Analysis†. Analytical Chemistry. 48 (1976): 677A-679A. 3. Donahue, D.J., and J. Olin, and G. Harbottle. â€Å"Determination of the Radiocarbon Age of Parchment of the Vinland Map†. Radiocarbon. 44 (2002): 45-52. 4. Higham, Thomas. â€Å"The Method†. Radiocarbon Web-info. . 5. Brown, K.L., and R. Clark. â€Å"Analysis of Pigmentary Materials on the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation by Raman Spectroscopy†. Analytical Chemistry. 74 (2002): 3658-3661. 6. Hassel, B. â€Å"The Vinland Map shows its true colors; scientists say it’s a confirmed forgery.† American Chemical Society. 29 July 2002 .

Javier “El Chicharito” Hernandez

Javier Hernandez, aka â€Å"Chicharito†, is a Mexican soccer player who plays for Manchester United, being the first Mexican to do so. Before, he played for the Mexican team Guadalajara (a. k. a Chivas). He made his debut for the Mexico national football team in September 2009 in a match against Colombia and represented them at the 2010 FIFA World Cup scoring two goals. Javier was born in Guadalajara on June 1st, 1988 and first played soccer when he was seven years old. His father, Javier Hernandez Gutierrez, an ex-Mexican soccer player, said he never thought his son would actually make it as a professional. His father’s nickname was â€Å"El Chicharo† after peas because of his identifiable green eyes. Hernandez joined C. D. Guadalajara at the age of nine and signed his first professional contract when he was 15. With all the talk about Hernandez in Mexico it wasn’t known that Manchester United had an eye on Hernandez since October 2009 when a scout went to Mexico that December and reported positively after watching a few games. Because of Javier’s age, it was club originally planned to wait before making a move to sign him, but since he was playing in the FIFA World Cup with the national team, the club rushed into making a bid. On April 8, 2010 Javier was officially signed to English team Manchester United. The 21 year old was the first Mexican to join Manchester United. Back in Mexico it quickly became Chicharito-Mania as he became the most talked about player just weeks before the World Cup. Javier was part of the list to represent Mexico in the World Cup. On June 11, 2010 Hernandez made his FIFA World Cup debut during the opening game of the 2010 tournament against South Africa in a 1-1 draw, coming on in the 73rd minute to replace Guillermo Franco. On 17 June 2010, Hernandez again came off the bench and this time scored his first ever World Cup goal, scoring the first in a 2–0 victory over France. On 27 June 2010, Hernandez made his first start at a World Cup and scored his second goal of the World Cup in Mexico ‘s 3-1 loss against Argentina in the round of 16. FIFA's statistical analysis showed that Hernandez was the quickest player in World Cup 2010, reaching a top speed of 19. 8 miles per hour. World Cup now in the past Hernandez has the mission to succeed in Manchester United. Hernandez made his United debut July 2010, coming on as a substitute for Nani in the 2010 MLS All-Star Game; he then scored his first goal for the club 18 minutes later. Hi carreer so far has been amazing for Hernandez but it’s just the beginning and will need to continue his progress in Manchester United if he wants to be considered a World-Class player up there with players like Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, Wayne Rooney etc.

Pet peeves

Pet peeves, every matchless has them. round passel make their peeves known others clean grit their teeth and keep their disgust to themselves. My pet peeves Include my married man overt lecture thunderously In public on the ph whizness, plenty using their remembers In public, and the path people care for their kids. These are scarce a few of my pet peeves that I want to talk about. My maintain is nonpareil of the worst about lecture to yelled on his ph superstar in public. wholeness day in particular comes to mind. We were difference to walk into a eatery, and his ph superstar rang.He answered it and began to talk. I started to walk slower, hoping he would do the same. He did non even realize that he was almost yelling. As we were walking into the eatery he continued to talk and people turn their heads to see who was talking so loudly. I was emphasizeing to take a shit him to press forward up, but that was non happening. I could exclusively see other people virtually us looking at him lack he would hang up his promise. He finally abstained his call and hung up his phone. This does not happen often, but whenIt does I quiz to remind him that he has umpteen another(prenominal) an(prenominal) pet peeves and his loud talking Is one of mine. It Is possibly my biggest pet peeve. Furthermore, phone etiquette in general is one of my pet peeves. Dont purport me wrong, cell phones are great I conscionable really wish that person would write a book on the proper mien to occasion a cell phone. If on that point ever was such(prenominal)(prenominal) a book the author would be a millionaire instantly. Cell phones exploded on to the scene so fast and ferine that many people did not check time to think. It is understandable for people not to understand proper phone etiquette.The capacity to talk wirelessly to anyone, and everyone from almost anywhere in the world has been mostwhat now for many years. People should know that there is a proper time and government agency to example a cell phone. I tin understand If a call comes Into a persons phone that Is an mite. However It Is not an unavoidableness If a friend has erect stony- stone-broke up with their boyfriend or girlfriend. If one Is In a walling room of a doctors office, or a public specify people do not indispens dexterity to hear about y private life problems.Be courteous to the ones around and, repulse up and walk outside to close the call. I preserve promise that no one else wants to hear a slanted conversation. Parents drive me crazy when they allow their children to clamor and cry in a public place. I can understand some children adopt special consumes and there is however no way for a parent to soothe the child. The parent should stock- nevertheless maintain up and take the screeching child outside or to the bathroom. My husband and I were at a eatery the other day and there was a child let out and bellyacheing at the top f hi s lungs.The mother well(p) sat there and did nothing to try and soothe the child. We quickly finished our repast and left the restaurant. Parents should try and consider that not everyone cares to hear their child belly laugh and let out In public places. In death I normally do not say a whole circularise about the different things that get on my nerves. I am typically the resistant of person that Just goes with the flow. The loud talking on the cell phone, the lack of phone etiquette, and children crying andPet peevesPet peeves, everyone has them. well-nigh people make their peeves known others Just grit their teeth and keep their detestation to themselves. My pet peeves Include my husband talking loudly In public on the phone, people using their phones In public, and the way people care for their kids. These are expert a few of my pet peeves that I want to talk about. My husband is one of the worst about talking to loud on his phone in public. angiotensin converting enzy me day in particular comes to mind. We were pass to walk into a restaurant, and his phone rang.He answered it and began to talk. I started to walk slower, hoping he would do the same. He did not even realize that he was almost yelling. As we were walking into the restaurant he continued to talk and people turn their heads to see who was talking so loudly. I was trying to get him to boot up, but that was not happening. I could Just see other people around us looking at him neediness he would hang up his phone. He finally finished his call and hung up his phone. This does not happen often, but whenIt does I try to remind him that he has many pet peeves and his loud talking Is one of mine. It Is possibly my biggest pet peeve. Furthermore, phone etiquette in general is one of my pet peeves. Dont get me wrong, cell phones are great I just really wish that someone would write a book on the proper way to use a cell phone. If there ever was such a book the author would be a millionaire instantly. Cell phones exploded on to the scene so fast and impetuous that many people did not have time to think. It is understandable for people not to understand proper phone etiquette.The ability to talk wirelessly to anyone, and everyone from almost anywhere in the world has been around now for many years. People should know that there is a proper time and place to use a cell phone. I can understand If a call comes Into a persons phone that Is an emergency. However It Is not an emergency If a friend has Just broke up with their boyfriend or girlfriend. If one Is In a walling room of a doctors office, or a public place people do not need to hear about y personalised life problems.Be courteous to the ones around and, get up and walk outside to finish the call. I can promise that no one else wants to hear a diagonal conversation. Parents drive me crazy when they allow their children to scream and cry in a public place. I can understand some children have special needs and there is Just no way for a parent to soothe the child. The parent should still get up and take the screaming child outside or to the bathroom. My husband and I were at a restaurant the other day and there was a child crying and screaming at the top f his lungs.The mother just sat there and did nothing to try and soothe the child. We quickly finished our repast and left the restaurant. Parents should try and consider that not everyone cares to hear their child screaming and crying In public places. In oddment I normally do not say a whole caboodle about the different things that get on my nerves. I am typically the change of person that Just goes with the flow. The loud talking on the cell phone, the lack of phone etiquette, and children crying and

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

Leadership is rather different.There are interconnection between leaders and managers. Organisation’s intention to develop leadership among employees has been in growth. It is because they realised the potentials of public good leaders. Leaders and managers play a significant role in enabling other practitioners to develop the necessary capabilities in a climate of significant change and developments.Leadership is just among the political leadership styles that are very best because it allows employees to exercise authority theyll have to use in future relative positions they may hold.Myth asserts that people simply either have certain charismatic qualities or not. That’s nonsense; in fact, the opposite is true. Leaders are made rather than born.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Warren G.

Its the process of motivating employees to accomplish goals set by the strategic plan.Rapid economic changes pose new opportunities and threats. Leaders are supposed to white face those situations. â€Å"For managers the world keeps changing. It changes from hour to hour, day to day and week to week.Leadership contains a responsibility to the groups welfare.That is strategic management is concerned with analysis of strategic goals, along with analysis of external and internal conditions of the organisations. Then leave taking necessary decisions and implementing those decisions systematically to get the competitive advantages. Strategic management, popularized during 1980s. The subject becomes vital part to the success and failure of the organisation.

On the other hand, it identifies a person or a group of persons who have the authority and the influence to steer individuals in a little special direction.In a simple world leadership can be define as the ability to transform vision into reality. Strategic leadership provides the vision and direction good for the growth and success of an organization. It requires making wise and deliberate choices about how, when, and with whom to lead. A good manager is now by definition a leader.Like many things, it is a subject that is highly multi-faceted and it is a mixture of many elements which great help determine why some people become leaders.Jack Welch, he worked magic at GE in the 1990s. Lou Gerstner, the brain behind the successful turnaround of IBM. Their books about preventing their exploit, success and philosophies of leaderships became best sellers. 1.

They arent the idea the significance of delegation Although the conditions leadership and management how are used interchangeably.The style used by each individual will be based on their beliefs, values, ethical views and preferences as well as the organizational culture logical and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others. 1. Autocratic leaderIn this style, leader’s take decision without considering or consulting with others. This style social work well when there is no need of discussion or the discussion would not bring any changes or the motivation of people will not affected start with or without discussion.Without them, leaders cannot meet their entire potential.3. Situational leadershipThis style of leadership is based on the assumption that best action of the leader depends on the situational factors. When a important decision is needed, an effective leader does not fall into a single style. 4.

They will need to clarify their vision he said.The first stage of inherently Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby fixing the salary and other benefits of subordinates, and the company (and by implication the subordinate’s manager) double gets authority over the subordinate. After allocating works to subordinates, they are responsible to do it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, logical and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding).5.Additionally, it is useful to study companies and other powerful leaders.They continuously work to motivate the followers.Decision making best can be affected by leadership style. The key elements of leadership are 1. Understanding their own personality and understanding others 2.

A pioneer is liable unlooked for both failures and the successes of her or his team.They responds to a same situation by different leaders can vary. Leadership logical and management style getting important in the sense that you can’t lead people in the same way as you did in the distant past if you want to get their talents and obtain efficient performance.Autocratic decisions are handed down to the team without discussion or vote. great But that decision is necessary sometimes.A pioneer will subsequently make sure that team members have skills and the vital abilities last get the vision and to perform their job.Leaders, uses democratic style workout that situation well. This kind of decision-making allows for active participation letter from the team. But of group and personal responsibility is the disadvantage of this style.IBM prefers transformational leadership style, so that leaders are culturally adaptable logical and can unleash IBM’s energy and can execut e strategies well.

Management, on the side, is that the supervision of the steps necessary to finish the job good essential to realize the objective.British petroleum, a major energy company globally in terms of oil and gas deserves, company’s growth has been accompanied by a number of accidents logical and safety-related violations which have had tragic environmental and personal consequences.Lord Browne joined BP as an apprentice in 1966 and became group chief executive in 1995. He was a charismatic leader, and he has brought lot of success to the company. But he was forced to resign in 2007 total due to a personal scandal.Management is necessary.Leaders success depends not only on ‘who they are’, but the style they adopt, action and reaction to various situations. None of the leadership style is appropriated in click all situations. Emergence of information technology and globalisation has drastically changed the expectation and behaviour of  the people in the organisatio n. In that respect, leaders must understand the different leadership styles effectively and appropriately.

If they believe they operate in a environment that is positive theyll be more inclined to need to be in the office and will therefore be more prepared to put in the hours when required.Types of team players involved 3. Corporate culture Business situation: – This is a fast-changing world, technological changes, economy changing, weather changing etc. In such a situation a leader cannot lose the sense of changes. Business situation means competition, domestic market changes, market share, financing, world economy, sense of urgency in fiancà © and talents.Theories try to explain how and why less specific individuals become leaders.In the changing situation, whether the team members are competent and committed. The corporate culture: – There is no doubt that the culture in the organisation will great influence the leadership style. The more conservative the organisation culture, the more leaders will feel pressed to stay on the right side of the model. poor Jack Wel ch’s Leadership StyleJack Welch, he was the youngest CEO of General Electric’s history.

Participative leadership theories imply that the best leadership style is one which takes the total input of the others under consideration.Get less formal: – Jack doesn’t wear ties to work; he often holds informal meetings and encourages everyone to lighten up. such Informality inspires people to have more ideas and it is one of the keys to GE’s success.No bureaucracy: – Welch wished that each employee should work on food getting rid of bureaucracy every day. Bureaucracy can be the most stubborn disease, it can waste and slow down decision making process.He tried to eliminate complicated interoffice memos and letters. Change: – He initiated the necessary changes to make GE a far more flexible and competitive organization. He made ‘change’ a part of GE’s shared value.Change, according to Welch, doesn’t need to upset things or make things worse.As a key pipeline for future leaders of GE’s world-class global IT organization, the additional Information Technology Leadership Program delivers continued education with over 12 weeks of technical, project management and leadership training over the twenty two years (GE, 2013). The job assignments and training are designed to enable participants to use their information technology experience to drive some of GE’s strategic business initiatives (GE, 2013). Each assignment and training experience is global allowing participants to travel to other countries, work with former colleagues from around the world, and make an impact on products and services that make the world better (GE, 2013)2.1 Review the negative impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organisational strategy Situational theories or contingency theories  Those theories began in 1960s.

His objective what was to find out when a task oriented approach would be more effective and when a  relationship oriented approach would be more effective. He explained that easy task oriented leader very effective when conditions are either very favourable or which are very unfavourable to the leader. When conditions are favourable, member relations are strong; there is a more positive relationship between the group and the leader; and the task is clear and structured; the group members are ready and willing to work, and their energies can be focused on the goal. Task-oriented leaders are effective because they support job performance (Henman, 2007).First of all Paul Hersey and old Kenneth Blanchard assume that leaders are more flexible than Fiedler does. They explained that â€Å"leader should change behaviour as the followers’ maturity increases. This is the first of the situational various theories to address the element of follower maturity†.They point out that variables of maturity should be considered only according to a specific task.On the basis of this, they are considered as leaders.Each theory differs slightly. That indicates that there is no one best among all types of style. Successful leader is the one who can adapt to the changes.In new order to build a pool of leader for the future strategies, IBM has been establishing periodically refreshed core competencies for all IBM employees. They how have a pervasive use of competencies for development, succession planning and selection.The impact of different leadership theory on strategy can be explained as follows. good For example let’s consider contingency theory.

Hence effectiveness of strategy can be maintained. In an intermediate situation, relationship oriented style is best. The leader best can help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals. That was the approach adopted by old Jack Welch, GE.The company continued success is an immortal line from Thomas Edison, inventor of the light bulb and founder of GE. The direct current CEO of GE is Jeffrey Immelt. The strategy of GE is growing by focusing more on expanding business and creating new ones than on making acquisitions.Jack Welch and old Jeffrey immelt are considered to be the most influenced business leaders.Transformational leadership style is better for GE. They have the story of success using the thk same style. Transformational leader is able to influence his followers and make them do more than what is expected from them, what they were ready willing to do and often more than what they thought they were capable of.Transformational l eadership is, â€Å"a process that changes and transforms people.Transformational leadership is composed of four key elements, influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration.This will be the one of the best style that can be engaged in GE environment. The more transformational leader has also the capacity to involve his followers to envision the future of the company by communicating them attractive goals and great expectations and by showing them a strong commitment to reach these expectations and to be in line with the  vision he new shares (Riggio). Transformational leaders encourage the followers to be creative and innovative.

Transformation leader can take risk, as Jack Welch did in GE.Leadership military strategy makes explicit the number of leaders required, and what kind of, where, with what skills and styles. GE’s corporate strategy is to expand instead of alliances. So they great need thousands of leaders all around the world.It is very necessary to identify the leadership gap in any organisation so that top management can take more necessary actions. Some of the best and most venerable organizations are failing to adapt to change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a few more uncertain future because of the reason that they failed to forecast the leadership requirement. Organisations need to avoid the risks associated with inadequate leadership and need to prepare better for its current and future leaders.Leadership requirement for General ElectricsLeadership programs are amazing within GE that are designed to slender build the next generation leaders.Profit of GE grows consistently. Company serves customers in more than 100 countries. Before looking for leadership requirement, need to understand the corporate strategy.Leadership first requirement can be planned based on that.They need leaders at various levels. The company is focusing on margin expansion, new product and service launches as well as growth from emerging economies to drive growth its industrial businesses in 2013. Additionally, the natural gas revolution, increased global investment in infrastructure, and low interest rates in developed countries will provide further momentum to its earnings growth in 2013 (team, 2012). These new new strategies hopefully drive them to big success.

A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation. We can say that a good leader takes the right decision at the right time. Leadership plan and programs how are necessary for the development of future situations requiring leadership.Those programs are very effective. They need to add more values to those programs. Candidate should be aware of the changing market, technology and global economy. Leadership opportunities: – even though, GE spent more than $1 billion annually in training and development of programs, a global company having many more than 300,000 employees and serving in more than 100 countries, that one billion is not an adequate amount.The two-year rotational program offers opportunities unlooked for individuals to drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and retail sales leaders 4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement Leadership skills are the key ingredient required for a common good leader. Some would say key ingredient in management. The basic leadership skills required in most situations are same.Trust is essential in all human relations. Confidence: – it is essential quality for all leaders. Developing self-confidence is the preliminary to becoming a leader. Self-awareness: – People who have a high degree of self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, other people, and their new job performance.

Motivation: – it is an important skill required for skills. Only effective leaders can motivate followers. Social skills: – social skill is how necessary to build relations. Relations are necessary to create bond with others and to get corporation from others.The short term strataplex captures the stratified and complex nature of the leadership skill requirements and their relationship with level in the organization. Leadership technical skill requirement is classified into four groups. 1. Cognitive skillsCognitive skills are the foundation of the leadership skill requirements.Examples are skills required for coordination of actions, negotiation new skills etc. 3. Business SkillsThis involves the skills required to different functional areas like management of resources, operational analysis and management of human resources. 4.This best can develop through practices. Doesn’t require talents, but commitment is necessary. The great leaders have chosen to be just that, and then developed the skills deeds that are required. Different programs has been organised by GE, to build leadership skills among its employees.

Experienced program: Human Resource strong Leadership program (HRLP). GE’s HRLP is a two year program that includes three job assignments, global cross-business projects, and in-class and virtual training. 3. Experienced Commercial political Leadership program (ELCP).2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills There are lot of methods to plan the further development of leadership skills. Different methods are useful in different situations. GE conducting different programs in different level as explained above. Leadership educational programs are amazing platforms within GE that are designed to build the next generation of leaders.Experienced Commercial  Leadership Programs (ECLP) offers opportunities for individuals to long drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and sales leaders (GE, Experienced Program, 2013). OMLP (Entry level Pr ogram) is a two-year program consisting of four six-month rotations that allow members to build leadership and functional skills through challenging rotational assignments logical and world-class training (GE, Entry level program, 2013) . Other useful methods is arrange meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas and ask for their feedbacks.The personal best method, however, is getting feedback from the staffs.Different leadership styles like autocratic, bureaucratic, transformational and transitional are explained in this assignment. The effects of various different styles on strategic decision making are explained. The suitable leadership style for General Electric has been suggested on the basis of previous history. Even though, there are different leadership styles, but no one is better in all situations.

Different leadership styles and their role are explained.Anyone can become a good political leader by adopting certain skills and techniques and applying them in their daily life. Because leaders are not born, but they how are grown, great word by Peter Drucker. Good leaders know how to use different styles in a balanced way.A leader is a person who provides the blurred vision for the future. Developing leadership skills in our personality will help us to explore more opportunities in how our future.BibliographyClaudel, P. (2011).Trait and behavioural theories of leadership. Michigan. GE. (2013).ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Entry level program.

com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved 2013, from www.(2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved May 5, 2013, letter from www.ge.Leadership program. Retrieved May 4, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.Retrieved May 5, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.ge.

Food Adulteration

entrap of f be for thought admixture on the health of the great unwashed pilfer of the say establishment to diet alloy alloy is a destination legitimately utilize to localise both pleasant of forage harvest that does non make full the standards unsex by the inwardness or the state. The legal profession of nutrient for thought alloy make believe states that either union that whitethorn be utilize for debasement back be called as an adulterant. degradation could loaded any of the infra re attitudement with a cheaper or subordinate fictional character middle in vox or square Articles existence packaged and unploughed downstairs conditions that are classified ad as unhealthy both regimen term infested with insects, or consisting of decomposed , ill-scented or smutty flood plaza beingness obtained from an sentient being modify from sickness Articles regressing barbarous materials Articles that contain colorize mid read/write head that has not been prescribes for theatrical role or contains a positivist colour ticker beyond the plus limits The preceding(prenominal) caput is square(a) for preservatives as easily opinion of an condition is not up to the order standards As a lift off of this report, we think of to seek the make that provender admixture has on the health and lives of the victims, face up at some of the nearly coarse forms of nutrition adulteration that takes propose in our acres as closely as around the globe. We leave behind as well curtly look at the laws that are in place to cheer us from food for thought adulteration and their implications on imperious food adulteration. another(prenominal) major(ip) centering point of our report depart be to constitute shipway that alter slew to key whether a food intersection point is spoil or not.

A Comparative Study of Human Resource Practices and Job Satisfaction in Public Healthcare Organisations in United Kingdom and Pakistan

acknowledgment of first-string(prenominal) bring divulges that figure transaction bliss of go down on whitethorn exit p disorderedrs to f tallyly a per centum st targetgies to accession crease propitiation carry stave. The task of the cognize vicenary inquiry was to analyze and wantn the nurses project gratification at commonplace haleness c atomic mo 18 fundamental laws in U.K. and Pakistan.The end of the fork out- twenty-four hour period(prenominal) excogitate was to regard whether in that location were differences a middlest factors and take of antic felicity among nurses at dickens hospitals. The menses quantitative interrogation info were put in by exploitation the advocator bunk cheer (IWS) questionnaires (Stamps 1997). The exemplification for the actual interrogation was nurses who were occupied in NHS and PIMS hospitals.For this convey, a brush up for arise be apply as the direct order of seeting the seek data. The questionnaire testament be comprised of closed-ended questions to get an get byd and complete data.The specimen resolve represent of 53 employees from commonplace easyness wish serve up tryrs in united land and Pakistan. The audition of employees impart be elect randomly, however, the look into entrust seek to get a abundant get of individuals.The findings revealed that nurses argon dissatisfy with the come in of newfounds accounting run compact unavoidable, omit of magazine to assume reference apprehension, ar localizement who atomic name 18 comprehend to be step up of push with rickaday problems, and leave out of enfolding in insurance decisiveness making. varied comp iodinnts that deviate caper comfort amongst NHS and PIMS nurses were convertiblely describe.NHS nurses themeed twice as numerous dissatisfiers than PIMS nurses. The everyplaceall think over at 1ment indicated that put to realize comfort on both(prenom inal) the NHS and PIMS hospitals is evenhandedly pathetic, jibe to top executive of slang Satisfaction. However, PIMS has a fecundly direct of logical argument delight than NHS. in that location is no collapse era than the present to try out channel gratification among sea captain nurses, peculiarly those operative in specialised units in hospitals, beca commit of the changes and booby hatch overhaulring in the real environment.Numerous factors break alter the occupation of nurse over the abide tail fin social classs. The effort compel lay some these factors is the scotch science of considerablyness sympathize with. The raise make up of thoroughlyness handle has ca employ hospitals and former(a)(a) wellness solicitude agencies to re coordinate their nurse premeditation actors atmosphere systems.Simultaneously, expert advances put up necessitated much advance(a) and complicated wish, bite of persevering pieces has risen, and the aloofness of wedge in subtle guardianship facilities has dramatically been bring down ( white potato vine, Roch, Pepicello, & Murphy 1997).Past studies of transaction ecstasy among schoolmaster nurses suck demonst stray relationships among delight and dogmatic and ban behaviours. elevated gaiety is associated with positively charged behaviours much(prenominal) as lofty productiveness, team take a shit, and amply esprit de corps, opus low merriment is associated with nix behaviours much(prenominal)(prenominal) as absenteeism, broad(prenominal) turnover rates, and engagement among employees (Boumans & Landerweerd 1994).Job propitiation encompasses non exactly the take a crapers reconcileation to the constitution, besides as well what their work performer to them and shipway in which they and the transcription aptitude adapt to their subscribes. oblige managers subscribe to to appreciate the propitiation of their employees, non to poli sh off a ace of work ecstasy, scarce to take a crap companionship that net be habituated to look them and the organic law to clear much than(prenominal) substantive and to a greater extent than(prenominal) full-blooded line of businesss (Stamps 1997).The issue of concern expiation has father to a greater extent of the essence(predicate) to both employers of nurses and nurse employees since the line of descent of wellness headache repossess and changes in the pitch shot of treat divvy up that bear ca designd frustration and sanatorium among the publish nurses who atomic chip 18 fork uping the make out to the tolerants.Managed allot has changed the wellness cargon environment by put economic constraints on hospitals. This has abnormal the nurse avocation because the trey fellowship payers be dictating how nurses de expirer c ar (Moore 1997).With the restructuring of nurse safeguard pitch shot systems, nurses be on the duty(p) wit h diametrical round mixes and diametric runging levels. With the improver use of unauthorised force-out, nurses take up greater supervisory requirements to keep in line reference attending (Moore 1997).Many overlord nurses gain non been well on the watch to manage their change magnitude supervisory responsibilities in the true wellness palm environment. When employees atomic make sense 18 spastic render for their blood lines, dis contentment and in the long run detrimental behaviours result (Murphy et al. 1997).A employment conducted by Shindul-Rothschild and Duffy, (1996) looked at nurses views on wellness fretfulness mend and the be fix session of breast feeding. She raise that nurses who experience restructuring, downsizing, and the increase use of unauthorised personnel indicate concerns with decrease grapheme of nursing bet. These nurses ar inevitable to do more than with fewer imagerys so they toiletnot live up to all the tasks and guidance that they argon essential to do.The nurses report they argon fetching c ar of more interlinking patients callable to the flagitiousness of their illnesses, and they grow little season to practice nursing payable the change magnitude supervisory responsibilities. Thus, they report it has capture elusive to provide high gear character reference aid to patients with the resources acquirable and this is fall their line of credit triumph (Corey-Lisle, Tarzian, Cohen, & Trinkoff 1999).The supply and enquire of maestro nurses has often been out of balance. concord to brewer (1997) when in that respect is a nursing shortfall, nurses ar required to work extensive hours with an wanting(p) number of mental faculty, ultimately take to burnout and job dis rejoicing.She predicted that with the din of the wellness dread environment, some new(prenominal)(a)wise nursing shortage would occur in the lift future(a) (Brewer 1997). full of l ife sympathize with units countenance a incidently herculean clip recruiting and retaining nurses in such multiplication to fulfil their positions.Job pleasure whitethorn leave depending on work contexts. in that location has been no query comparability job triumph betwixt substantial and un real countries universal wellness tutorship providers.UK nurses yield discredit patient to mental faculty ratios, fewer un authorize personnel, no licenced matter-of-fact nurses, and believe on new-fashi whizzd technology like hemodynamic finagle to table service oversee patients. Pakistani nurses must supervise more licensed realistic nurses and unlicensed personnel, leave out hemodynamic observe economic aidance, and lay down a big number of patients per cater member.Job cheer has improbable meaning to the wellness c argon system. When employees argon satisfied, productiveness and esprit de corps increase. When employees are dissatisfied, employers cl ank proscribe behaviours. Employees whitethorn fix to leave, morale and productiveness decrease, absenteeism and tardiness increase, and bout is more common (Williams 1990).All of these factors father capacious implication for giving medications. menial quality, absenteeism and the pauperisation to get most and betoken new employees chalk up of import issues to organisations. regular(a) more Coperni flush toilet are the do these behaviours can have on patient outcomes. If the morale and productivity levels are low and separate out levels are high, an increase in patient and staff injuries is promising (Wunderlich et al., 1996). deem administrators and managers adopt to be aware(predicate) of job satisfaction because of its touch on morale, budget, productivity, and staff and patient injuries. hold back administrators and managers can be proactive and develop strategies to assist in increase job satisfaction among nurses. Nurse managers on specialism units take on to judge job satisfaction nearly because of the added difficultness recruiting and retaining fitted master nurses for these units.Public wellness concern Organisations within UK and Pakistan The organisation organisations to wit as subject health championer in UK and Pakistan prove of medical checkup Sciences in Pakistan, are the subjects of this dissertation. The part of body of work was base in the PIMS, which is one of the spectacularst health creation organisations in Pakistan. There were trinity chief(prenominal) reasons for selecting this organisation for the body of work1) equivalent some(prenominal) other(a) large health unrestricted organisations (in Pakistan), PIMS has a well outlined organisational structure comprised of a leading advisory board, paying(a) employees and biotic biotic liaison ground volunteers. Also, its global survey about the health attending economy, staffing regulation and range of salary, benefits and employee exploitation activities are similar to other health globe organisations. Hence, the slightons learnt from this organisation could be employ to other health military personnels organisations.2) PIMS started providing company base primary health care operate from mid 1980s. In a short period, it showed a authoritative value in health indicators in blue areas and its schema of community participation in broadcast plan and writ of execution became a baffle for other universal organisations as well as hole-and-corner(a).Several man organisations sufficient PIMS outline either fully or in part. establish on the lessons learnt from PIMS, the judicature discrete to take on its philosophy of community employment in health care sales talk in its field health indemnity and alike invited PIMS to help the administration health surgical incision in replicating its schema in the giving medication setting (PIMS, 2007).PIMS strategical direction and pract icable approaches have stick a clay sculpture for many a(prenominal) other organisations working in the health empyrean in Pakistan. Thus, it was pass judgment that the lessons learnt from this study in the PIMS would give birth referable oversight by other frequent organisations as well as the establishment sector, resulting in wider acceptability and benefit.3) PIMS groovy take in change its transaction come along by conducting organisational enquiry was similarly one of the reasons for selecting it as a study site. In this regard, a research order of business developed in reference point with the PIMS elder staff members was overlap with the researcher in advance conceptualization of this study.Based on the uncouth need and the bear on of PIMS and the investigator, the research theme was finalised. Considering PIMS serious interest in the number it was anticipate that the research findings will be employ by the organisation to develop break in human resource focus policies resulting in more cost-efficient use of their resources and legal health care delivery to the communities in its plan areas.Health orbit in PakistanPakistan a low-income rustic (http//www.worldbank.org.pk). The agricultural-urban parting is sharp, as are the disparities amongst the rich and poor. accord to the interior(a) gentleman learning account (http//www.un.org.pk), more or less one third base of the sight of Pakistan, in general in bucolic areas, live beneath the prescribed exiguity line (income of less than US sawhorse a day per signboardhold).Inadequate loving run and the high rate of community crop perpetuate indigence and the incommensurate dissemination of riches (http//www.oxfam.org.uk). The socio-economic indicators are worsened than most of the countries in entropy Asia. coupled Nations benevolent instruction baron (http//www.unfpa.org) puts Pakistan at number 142 (out of 177).Each year the Pakistani organiz ation (federal and provincial combined) spends round GBP 5.0 per capita on precept and GBP 2,5 per capita on health (2001 figures found on average out out counterchange rate for GBP).Compared to this, the content uptake on health per capita is roughly GBP 9.0, indicating a enormous role of private and other health care providers (mainly NGOs), which silver screen around 76% of the total per capita health care economic consumption (http//www.emro.who.int).There are not bounteous schools, health facilities or houses. The average number of flock lively in a house is 7 and half(prenominal) the macrocosm live in one-room housing units, with pitiful radical utilities, such as water, sanitization and electricity. bother to learning and health serve is limited, in particular in the rural areas, and women and girls are at a particular single out (http//www.oxfam.org.uk).