Eulogy for Mother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for MotherThank you all -- for coming to commend my contracts life.Before I go on to restrain my mother and what she stood for I must share with you the reality of what life was like for my mother and the family since she was first diagnosed with cancer in October. Of course, nobody suffered more than my mother, but Dad youre definitely second. We all shared my mothers pain. It was like we were all on trial.At any one point, as a family, we were in denial, we were angry, or we were depressed. And there was conflict. We disagreed with the doctors findings. We didnt always agree with separately other on a course of action. It was a confusing time.In the end I felt we all put up a healthy fight. We did what we could do.I have to ask myself what my mother would want for us right now.I think shed want us to heal ourselves and move on. Shed want us to talk with our creator and deal with her death in our own way, but also put her death behind us and get going a life that she w ould be proud of.I would like to thank all of you for coming here today to help us, as a family, to heal, and to celebrate my mothers life.So how many square dancers did I meet yesterday? Dozens? A hundred? You guys rock What a spirit I clear in you. For me, thoughts of my mother dozy-dooing alamand lefting around the dance floor makes me feel good inside. Thanks to all of you for showing up here today.I see a few people she used to work with at CFB Borden. How she ever got up at 4AM to work those shifts, Ill never retire. Thank you for coming out.Im glad we have Maurice, my mothers younger brother here today. Ella, her older sister, unfortunately couldnt make it, but I know the news of my mothers death hit her hard. And I know that she prayed with all her will, for my mother.It was nice to meet a cousin I hadnt met before. Mark and his wife Michelle group up from Michigan to be here with us today. Thank you.And what of the children in our family? Shawn, Kelsey, Sarah, Michael, E mily and Matthew, you should take comfort knowing that your grandmother is in heaven right now, facial expression down on us.

Kant and the Morality of Anger Essay example -- Philosophy Papers

Kant and the Morality of Anger Introduction This essay does non comprise a defence of retributive punishment, neither does it imply a rejection of deterrent punishment. The writer suggests that one possible reason for the tendency to advocate punishment of offenders with ever change magnitude severity can be discovered in the concept of the morality of anger. It is this explanation of the phenomenon that forms the principal burden of the arguments used in this essay. The salient characteristics of the two theories of punishment, which find demeanor in English law, will be found below 1. In the absence of any definitive public policy an unresolved tension exists, which derives from attempts make to reconcile the two theories, with some degree of balance, in sentencing practice. Actual sentences in the English courts are often a compromise between the demands of retribution and deterrence. either uncertainty that may exist about which theory is being used, in particular circumstanc es, leads to actions which cannot be completely justified by either theory 2. shame and Punishment in Kants Civil Society According to Kants moral theory an exacting principle of respect for humanity, in the form of the person, can be accommodate with the absolute necessity of punishment, because punishment, within a properly constituted civil society, is a legitimate and necessary response to crime punishment must accept with the moral law as a categorical imperative 3. Kants theory of retributive punishment is of particular importance, because it is one of the most coherent and consistent of the retributive theories, and has not lost its relevance in contemporary discussions 4. Kants civil society rest securely on th... ...Foundation Course The Open University 1986, Units 13-15 pp. 68-76 Feinberg, Joel Harmless Wrong Doing, The Moral Limits of the evil Law Oxford 1988, pp. 159-165 Guyer, Paul (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Kant Cambridge 1992, Essay 10, Autonomy, obligatio n and virtue An overview of Kants moral philosophy, pp.309-341, also Essay 11, Politics, freedom and order Kants political philosophy,, pp.342-366 Hoffe, Otfried Immanuel Kant New York 1994 Honderich, T Punishment, The mantic Justifications Oxford 1989, pp. 208-237 Paton, H J The Categorical Imperative London 1947 Rawls, John A Theory of Justice Oxford 1972 pp. 251-257 Singer, Peter A Companion to Ethics Oxford 1993 Essay 32, Crime and Punishment, C L Ten pp. 366-372 Sorell, Tom Moral Theory and Capital Punishment Oxford 1987 Walker, Nigel Why Punish? Oxford 1991

Rodman Edward Serling :: essays research papers

Rodman Edward Serling, in my opinion one of the mostbrilliant men of our time, was born in Syracuse, New York,on December 25, 1924, to a wholesale meat dealer, andgrew up in Binghamton. By his own account, he had noearly literary ambitions, though from an early age, he andhis older brother, Robert, immersed themselves in moviesand in shows like Astounding Stories and Weird Tales.Rod was best known from the intro where he was seenwearing a suit and most often dangling a cigarette, whichwas unfortunately the cause of his untimely demise."There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known toman. It is a dimension as vast as space and as timeless asinfinity. It is the middle ground in the midst of light and shadow,between science and superstition, and it lies between the pitof mans fears, and the summit of his knowledge. This is thedimension of imagination. It is an area which we call... THETWILIGHT ZONE," Serlings masterpiece would not comeuntil later in his writing career .He began writing full-time in 1951, more than seventy of histelevision scripts were produced, garnering both critical andpublic acclaim. Full-scale success came early in 1955 withthe production of a script called "Patterns," deemed a" fictive triumph" by critics, and the winner of the first ofSerlings six Emmy awards. Serling went to work onscreenplays for MGM and as a writer for Playhouse 90,for which he crafted ninety-minute dramas. A critical and financial success, Serling shocked many of his fans in 1957when he left Playhouse 90 to create a science fiction serieshe called The capitulation Zone. 156 episodes of TwilightZone, ninety-two written by Serling, aired on CBS over thenext five years. The show went on to be one of the mostwidely accept and beloved series in television history,and achieved a permanent place in American pop culturewith its instantly recognizable opening, theme yell andcharismatic host, Rod Serling. With appearances bypersonalities such a s Robert Redford, Burt Reynolds,Dennis Hopper, and more, Twilight Zone became alaunching pad for some of Hollywoods biggest stars. Theshow headed downhill in its fifth season chiefly due to thefact that Serling lost most creative control of the show.After production ended in January 1964, Serling continuedto write for accept and television series and movies, and oftenappeared in his own productions, such as Rod SerlingsNight Gallery. He returned to Antioch College as aprofessor and lectured at college campuses across the

Essay --

The American Constitution was a product of the extensive and considerable debates on theoretical argumentation. Robert Yates, assumed to be the writer of pseudonym Brutus I, represents the Anti-Federalist view of governments and the way that constitution should assert their powers on society, while Federalist 10 gives us an glimpse of the Federalist view of society. Both these documents present us with the high hat examples of Anti-Federalist and Federalist thought. A major topic discussion between these two documents is the size of republics, as well as each view as to why their notions ar the best for the new society.Anti-federalists and Brutus asserted that the new U.S. Constitution would eventually lead to the termination of the state governments, the consolidation of the Union into ane great republic chthonian an unchecked national government, and as a result the loss of free, self-government. Brutus additionally thought that in such an extensive and diverse nation, nothing short of monocracy could bind so great a country under one government. Brutus suggests that monstrous governments give room for absolute and uncontrollable power which allows for a large diverse government, which would, in turn, threaten personal liberty. These large governments lead to ambitious enterprises, glory, empire building, and adventurism all of which the Anti-Federalists agree should be prevented in a society. Brutus stresses homogeneity and chastity because these represent harmony and discordant principles. People argon more likely to be civic spirited in a small republic, rather than a large one which the Federalists ar supportive of. In the letter from Samuel Adams to John Scollay, we see Adams Anti-Federalist view of government. Adams supports... ... effects of factions, Madison argues that factions should be controlled and allowed to be factions are not only essential to a republic but also natural and therefore unavoidable. While a variety of factions exist, M adison asserts that the strongest factions are those dealing with economics. As such, Madison advocates a large, commercial republic to control the effects of factions large in that the more factions exist, the less likelihood any one faction will gain absolute power as the factions will frequently form and re-form short-term coalitions commercial in that the individual must yield freedom in the market in order to preserve the creation of economic factions. A republican form of government is essential to control factions since minorities are given some protection as the representative would be more interested in the public good than self-interest.

The Suffering of the Proud Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Suffering of the ProudPride is a key to self-respect however, when it goes to far, people forget that humility is a virtue too. In the play Antigone, pride plays a major role throughout, appearing as fatal flaws in both Antigone and Kreon, the main characters of Sophocless tragedy. For Antigone and Kreon, as soon as the stepped past the line of humility, they were doomed to fail. For example, Kreon became so proud of himself he refused to listen to others warnings and assumes the gods are on his side. But didnt that girl do wrong? The hale nation denies it. Will the nation tell me what orders I can give? (Kreon, Haimon, Kreon 881-3) this is a perfect example, because he refuses to listen to his son, and then, when presented with the fact that the whole nation thinks he is wrong, decides that he doesnt care what the nation thinks. Throughout the play, his advisor, Koryphaios, repeatedly gives him gentle warnings, and Kreon claims he is getting old, ignores him, or refutes him wit h points that only emphasize his out-of-control pride, such as, Men our age, jibe from Haimon (Kreon 876). He also assumes that the gods will go along with whatever he says, can you see the gods honoring criminals? Impossible (Kreon 364-5). This kind of attitude is something that appears in intimately every Greek myth, the thought that the gods will side with them no matter what, and it always ends up biting them in the rear.Furthermore, Kreon holds his subjects in contempt...

The Suffering of the Proud Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Suffering of the ProudPride is a key to self-respect however, when it goes to far, people forget that humility is a virtue too. In the play Antigone, plume plays a major role throughout, appearing as fatal flaws in both Antigone and Kreon, the main characters of Sophocless tragedy. For Antigone and Kreon, as soon as the stepped past the disembowel of humility, they were doomed to fail. For example, Kreon became so proud of himself he refused to listen to others warnings and assumes the gods are on his side. But didnt that girl do wrong? The whole nation denies it. allow for the nation tell me what orders I can give? (Kreon, Haimon, Kreon 881-3) this is a perfect example, because he refuses to listen to his son, and then, when presented with the fact that the whole nation thinks he is wrong, decides that he doesnt care what the nation thinks. Throughout the play, his advisor, Koryphaios, repeatedly gives him gentle warnings, and Kreon claims he is getting old, ignores him, or r efutes him with points that only emphasize his out-of-control pride, such as, Men our age, learn from Haimon (Kreon 876). He in addition assumes that the gods will go along with whatever he says, can you see the gods honoring criminals? Impossible (Kreon 364-5). This kind of attitude is something that appears in almost every Hellenic myth, the thought that the gods will side with them no matter what, and it always ends up biting them in the rear.Furthermore, Kreon holds his subjects in contempt...

Family & marriage Essay

1. The U.S. Census Bureau defines family as two or more people living together who are think by birth, marriage, or adoption. Heterosexual or Homosexual unmarried partners are excluded from this traditional definition. Many people object to the Census Bureaus definition. The ledger of Marriage and Family, a scholarly journal about families published by the National council on Family Relations, opts for a broader, more exclusive definition saying that a family is a relationship by blood, marriage or affection, where members of the family cooperate economic bothy, may care for children, and can consider their identity to be intimately connected by a larger group. It can include a family of orientation, which is the family that you were born into, and a family of procreation, which is the family that you make through marriage, partnering and/or parenthood.This text also includes fictive kin in its definition of family. Fictive kin are nonrelatives whose bonds are strong and intimate, such as the relationships shared among unmarried homosexual or heterosexual partners, or most friends. Chapter 1, pg 3-5. 2. Regulation of Sexual Behavior All cultures regulate sexual behavior, including who can defend sex with whom and under what circumstances they must do so. A closely regulation is the incest taboo that forbids sexual activity among close family members. Reproducing and Socializing Children Each society must produce new members and ensure socialization, teaching children the rules, expectations and culture of society. holding and Inheritance For much of human history, when people were nomadic hunters and gatherers, families owned little or nothing of their own, and so had nothing to pass down. Agriculture made it mathematical for people to own property, or to obtain a surplus beyond what was needed to survive, therefore, it became important to identify heirs. Economic Cooperation A family is the group responsible for providing its members with food, shelter, enclothe and other basic necessities.Social Placement, Status, and Roles Families give their members a social identity and position. Members find their place in the complex web of status and roles. Care, Warmth, Protection, and Intimacy creation need far more than food, shelter, and clothing to survive. Families are intended to provide the emotional care needed to survive and thrive. Chapter 1, pg 6-7. 10. Poverty comes in many incompatible shapes, sizes and colors. Poor families face a higher degree of stress, disorganization, ad other issues in their life.Poverty is hard on every one, but it weighs especially non-buoyant on childrens physical, social, and emotional health. Poverty puts the health of children at risk in many ways, including a low birth weight, which increases chances of serious chronic and lancinating illness, along with emotional and behavioral problems.Poverty has a negative effect on the quality and stimulation of the home environment. Poor children on wel fare who were betwixt the ages of 13 and 36 months hear only half as many words per hour as the average working class child. Poor children have a higher probability of being abused, neglected, and more severely injured by abuse. On average, poor children have fewer resources for learning in the home, including books and educational toys. Because poor families cannot pay high rent they often live in housing that may lack proper cooking, heating, or sanitation. Poor children live in inner cities where violence, crime truancy, loitering, and a sense of despair predominate. Chapter 2, pgs 63-65. 11. We are all made up of many different characteristics.We arent simply male or female, Asian American or Hispanic, rich or poor. A person may be a White working-class female, a Japanese American upper-class male, a Cuban middle-class male, a white upper-class female, or any number of other racial, ethnic, gender, sex, and class combination. We have multiple statuses and they all interact to s hape our lives. Our statuses intersect with one another. Sex and gender, race and ethnicity, and social class, individually and together, shape a constellation of privileges and constraints that can affect our goals, opportunity, choices, and experiences. They influence family anatomical structure we are born into, the way our parents raise us, our choices and opportunities in intimate relationships, how we parent, and how we age. Chapter 2, pg 67.

The Movie Beastly

The movie Beastly is a romantic fantasy drama pick out that is directed by Daniel Barnz. The stars are Alex Pettyfer as Kyle Kingson and Vanessa Hudgens as Linda Taylor. The film denotes that your character is more important than your physical appearance and it also denotes that dont looking for up to yourself too high.Kyle is a rich, handsome guy and a very popular boy in the school in the start of the movie I already saw the arrogant side of Kyle. He thinks that he is the most beautiful creature in the knowledge base. Hes so arrogant. The mesmerise warned him that he should change his attitude besides he didnt listen the second chance that the witch give was wasted he never learn until the witch cursed him. He makes him into a beastly. wherefore there is this girl named Linda Taylor she change Kyle.Linda is a jockeyly girl and she loves flowers specially rose. She teaches Kyle how to appreciate and love things that he has. She teaches him how to truly love something or someo ne. When Kyle turned into a beast he thought that no one get out accept him because of his appearance. The witch told him that someone must love him even so he doesnt look too sincere. At the almost end of the story he lost his hope because Linda left him. But at the end Linda and Kyle end up together. And Linda state the three magical words I love you.Being beautiful and handsome is so overwhelming but if your attitude is not so good your beauty is nothing. You should always be aware that others might misunderstand your actions or what you have said to them. Be sensitive enough to know that someone is suffering by what you have said. Always remember that in communicating in someone you should know his/ her cultural background.Kyles speech was too much others like the witch didnt like it because he said that he doesnt care about the environment he just care about his image. He is being insensitive to others that love our environment. You as the speaker should always know how to e xpress your opinion in a nice and clear way so that there will be no misunderstanding in mode of communication.Even though you have imperfections and flaws in life there will always be someone who will accept your imperfections and flaws. There will always be someone that will love you and accept you for who you are. Always remember that nobody is perfect in this world all of us had experience some downfall and failures in life but we should always not lose hope in anything. In every problem there will always be a solution.

How the war manifests within the films Essay

In her writing, Karen Randell develops an open outlook amongst the views of two fritters, Night of the Living Dead and Deathdream(Randell 67). These two golem films employ a lot to the 1960s Vietnam war perspective on the dead and missing and how that issue wasnt being addressed by war films during the succession (Randell 67). Randell imposes how the war manifests within the films itself by providing a referentiality that is significant to the trauma of the war (Randell 68). This reference pertains to the how soldiers dont return home and are considered broken bodies/Lost souls (Randell 68). Controversial issues at the time were major (Randell 70-2). The late 1960s, early 1970s, was a period where the two films and the war met at its peak (Randell 72). Issues such as the Vietnam syndrome became a huge topic (Randell 72). This was a syndrome found in returning soldiers due to restlessness, depression, and rage (Randell 72). With the anti-war movement flowing in society, and all o ther impacts due to the war, the films attain real anxieties that were present during that period. (Randell 67).George Romeros Night of the living dead, a prototypical zombie movie, gave great context into the mourning of the dead from Vietnam (Randell 68). The movie was made on a shoestring budget, shot on leftover film. (Randell 67-71). However, it greatly succeeded and is one of the most successful independent films of all time (Randell 71-2). The Realm of the Undead or zombie spirit world are both ways to classify the setting of this film (Randell 68). As characters are stuck in a surrounded zombie land, it sparks the horror that we run across in any zombie movie today (Randell 70). The film resonates fear from the audience, being that the time period portrayed a high rate of soldiers who didnt return home (Randell 69). Between 1968 and 1973 there were over 2500 American soldiers listed as MIA (missing in action) or POW (prisoners of war). There were also over 58,000 dead sold iers (Randell 67-9). It is actually traumatic as a viewer to watch something like this simply because it adds to the realism of the movie (Randell 68 -72). Even the language used in the film correlates with Vietnam. Night of the Living Dead refers to the mission of killing zombies as Search and destroy, which was a big Vietnam War military strategy (Randell 71). The film for certain establishes an uncomfortable presence for society (Randell 72).As we look at the film Deathdream, the mental object is rattling much explicit as opposed to the implicit message in Romeros film (Randell 73). The main character Andy is a veteran who supposedly died in Vietnam and came back to haunt his family and the neighborhood as a zombie (Randell 73). Realism plays a tremendous role in this movie (Randell 72). 1972, when it released, was a period where news about returning veterans and the development of Vietnam Syndrome was huge (Randell 72). The movie honest adds to it.(Randell 74). It essential ly provides a display in which serves as A dark satire of the shell-shocked veteran (Randell 74). To conclude, Randell confirms thoughts on how the real issues in society can very truly be displayed even in todays society through horror and fantasy (Randell 75).

If Winter Comes Can Spring Be Far Behind? Essay

If Winter Comes Can Spring be far behind? Essay (free to read). This is the stand line of Shelleys famous poem Ode to the West Wind. The poet depicts the terrible effect of the west wind in different spheres. The line is an epitome of optimism. Though for the usher in the cold winter be the ruler all around, yet the very approach of winter means the impending arrival of the spring season soon after win-ter. Winter must at last come to an end. It must be followed by the colorful spring which brings colorful flowers and birds mellisonant songs. After all, the circle of seasons must continue moving unhindered. Day is followed by night and night by day. Similarly, in lifespan every period of lugubriousness and despair has at last to come to end. It is followed by a period of peace, comfort and joy.We must have a firm belief in the cheeseparingness of things and have a strong self-confidence. There is no occasion for feeling dismayed. If hopes are dupes, fears may be liars. The be st attitude in life is that of an optimistic stoic. Joys and sorrows should be treated in their own stride. They should be given equal treatment. Robert Browning w- s a highly optimistic poet. He had other way of looking at things. If he ever had to face failure in life, he consoled himself by telling himself that he will get his reinforcer or success in heaven or in the next life. One famous psychologist of France taught the men the art of auto-suggestion.He advised them to say unto themselves each day in every way. I get better and better. Auto Suggestion for a better and happier life is the great art in current day life which modern psychology has given to us. WEB. Yeats, the famous poet of early twentieth century says, Cast a cold eye on life, on death, Horseman passes by Thus, we must rest assured that our sorrows, if any, are short-lived and a period of joy awaits us.

Google Company Team Essay

Management teamLarry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in September 1998. Since then, the caller has grown to more than 30,000 employees worldwide, with a management team that represents some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry.Executive OfficersLarry Page fountainhead administrator officerAs Googles header executive officer, Larry is responsible for Googles day-to-day-operations, as well as leading the companys product development and technology strategy. He co-founded Google with Sergey Brin in 1998 while pursuing a Ph.D. at Stanford University, and was the first CEO until 2001growing the company to more than 200 employees and profitability. From 2001 to 2011, Larry was death chair of products. Larry holds a bachelors layer in engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and a overwhelms storey in information processing system science from Stanford University. He is a member of the National advisory Committee (NAC) of the Universi ty of Michigan College of Engineering, and together with co-founder Sergey Brin, Larry was honored with the Marconi Prize in 2004. He is a trustee on the get along of the X PRIZE, and was elected to the National academy of Engineering in 2004.Eric E. Schmidt Executive ChairmanSince connective Google in 2001, Eric Schmidt has helped grow the company from a Silicon Valley startup to a global attractor in technology. As executive chairman, he is responsible for the external matters of Google building partnerships and broader business relationships, government outreach and technology thought leadership, as well as advising the CEO and senior leadership on business and policy issues. From 2001-2011, Eric served as Googles chief executive officer, overseeing the companys technical and business strategy on base founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Under his leadership, Google dramatically scaled its infrastructure and diversified its product offerings while maintaining a strong cultur e of innovation. introductory to joining Google, Eric was the chairman and CEO of Novell and chief technology officer at Sun Microsystems, Inc.Previously, he served on the research staff at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), chime Laboratories and Zilog. He holds a bachelors grad in electrical engineering fromPrinceton University as well as a masters degree and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley. Eric is a member of the Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and the Prime Ministers Advisory Council in the U.K. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 and inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a fellow in 2007. He in addition chairs the board of the New America Foundation, and since 2008 has been a trustee of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.Sergey Brin Co-FounderSergey Brin co-founded Google Inc. in 1998. Today, he directs special projects. From 2001 to 201 1, Sergey served as president of technology, where he shared responsibility for the companys day-to-day operations with Larry Page and Eric Schmidt. Sergey received a bachelors degree with honors in mathematics and computer science from the University of Maryland at College Park. He is currently on leave from the Ph.D. program in computer science at Stanford University, where he received his masters degree. Sergey is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a recipient of a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.He has published more than a dozen academic papers, including Extracting Patterns and Relations from the World Wide Web Dynamic selective information Mining A New Architecture for Data with High Dimensionality, which he published with Larry Page Scalable Techniques for Mining Casual Structures Dynamic Itemset Counting and Implication Rules for market Basket Data and Beyond Market Baskets Generalizing Association Rules to Correlations.Nikesh Arora Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer Nikesh oversees all revenue and customer operations, as well as marketing and partnerships. Since joining Google in 2004, he has held several positions with the company. Most recently, he led Googles global direct sales operations. He also developed and managed the companys operations in the European, Middle Eastern and African markets and was responsible for creating and expanding strategic partnerships in those regions for the benefit of Googles growing number of users and advertisers. Prior to joining Google, he was chief marketing officer and a member of themanagement board at T-Mobile Europe.While there, he spearheaded all product development, terminals, brand and marketing activities of T-Mobile Europe. In 1999, he started working with Deutsche Telekom and founded T-Motion PLC, a mobile multimedia subsidiary of T-Mobile International. Prior to joining Deutsche Telekom, Nikesh held management positions at Putnam Investments and Fidelit y Investments in Boston. Nikesh holds a masters degree from Boston College and an MBA from Northeastern University, both of which were awarded with distinction. He also holds the CFA designation. In 1989, Nikesh graduated from the Institute of Technology in Varanasi, India with a bachelors degree in electrical engineering.David C. Drummond Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer David Drummond joined Google in 2002, initially as vice president of corporate development. Today as senior vice president and chief legal officer, he leads Googles global teams for legal, government relations, corporate development (M&A and investment projects) and new business development (strategic partnerships and licensing opportunities). David was first introduced to Google in 1998 as a partner in the corporate transactions group at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati, ace of the nations leading law firms representing technology businesses.He served as Googles first outside counsel and worked with Larry Page and Sergey Brin to incorporate the company and rock-steady its initial rounds of financing. During his tenure at Wilson Sonsini, David worked with a wide variety of technology companies to help them manage complex transactions such as mergers, acquisitions and initial globe offerings. David earned his bachelors degree in history from Santa Clara University and his JD from Stanford Law School.Patrick Pichette Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Patrick Pichette is Googles chief financial officer. He has nearly 20 years of experience in financial operations and management in the telecommunications sector, including seven years at Bell Canada, which he joined in 2001 as executive vice president of planning and performance management. During his time at Bell Canada, he held various executive positions, including CFO from 2002 until the end of 2003, and was instrumental in the management of themost extensive communications network in Ca nada and its ongoing migration to a new national IP-based infrastructure.Prior to joining Bell Canada, Patrick was a partner at McKinsey & Company, where he was a lead member of McKinseys North American Telecom Practice. He also served as vice president and chief financial officer of Call-Net Enterprises Inc., a Canadian telecommunications company. Patrick has been a member of the board of directors of Amyris, Inc., a synthetic biology company, since walk 2010, and serves on its Audit Committee and Leadership Development and Compensation Committee. He also serves on the board of Trudeau Foundation. Patrick earned a bachelors degree in business administration from Universit du Qubec Montral. He holds a masters degree in philosophy, politics and economics from Oxford University, where he attended as a Rhodes Scholar.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Multi-Racial Society Essay

Nowadays 99% of the modern world countries have be shape up a multiracial society, whether it is relative to their language, religion , culture, or traditions . Also universities , schools and other societies have become multiracial, it is not necessary for the whole country . And today with all aspects of economical, social and other types of growth , it is distinguishably think to the globalization and the immigration of people to other countries, which has become more and more common . But can a multiracial community exist with no problems attached ?A multiracial society is very rich in culture heritage , where you get the opportunity to learn about other cultures. A multi-racial society is in like manner a multi-linguist society so people living in such societies benefit from the richness of languages and are thus able to blab out different languages , there is also a wide variety of traditions, customs and festivals that are being carried out in such countries. In growth wi th the partnership of cultures food becomes national, people are able to eat a wider variety of food, learning to prepare them in different ways, even celebrations of festivals become national.In addition a multi-racial society teaches people how to respect and understand the religion and cultures of others. Therefore this leads to tolerance. Moreover multi nationality makes the country more dynamic because there are people who come from different places and this can help to develop new ideas about how to make our lives better. In these multi-racial societies very often there are misunderstandings, which lead to conflict . fanaticism is another factor, which creates conflicts in a multi-racial society.These conflicts and divisions between people is further increased by politicians who practice racial and ethnic politics, only to obtain votes. Fanaticism also encourages people in becoming racist which then leads to intolerance and misunderstandings. Not to mention that sometimes som e religions in some societies get stereotyped in an insulting way, which creates clashes between two cultures or more . To conclude I will say that peace remains very fragile, it can break at any time. So we should not let anyone gamble with it. We should neither allow ourselves to be manipulated by the governments nor the people in power.

Global Youth Culture Essay

Culture obviously varies each around the world from country to country, but the basics are always the same. What makes up grow? Does culture change based on the age of the people or the different generations? Culture consists of language, entertainment through mediums such as music, movies, literature, and so on , fashion, art, food, and to a greater extent. Culture most definitely changes depending on whither you are in the world. For example, it can be as simple as spoken word.The language we speak here in the Statesn is vastly different then language spoken over in China or France, and that is one of the fundamental building blocks of culture differences. One thing that is really great and unique about the United States of America is that we have such a diverse mix of people and cultures. America has often been referred to as the melting pot because of the variety of people we have living here. Our culture as a nation has been shaped and molded from all of the people from othe rwise places in the world.As a teen adult in America, I pay a lot of attention to many part of our culture such as music, movies, books, and fashion. After exploring the web for web logs from different countries, I found that that doesnt change throughout the globe. A twenty-year-old student that lives over in London, England is a lot more like me than you might guess. This one blog called London Culture Blog especially caught my attention. I stopped on this blog and started scrolling through near of the posts and realized that a lot of what they are talking about are things that my friends and I talk about too.This was pleasant surprise because ever so since I was little, Ive always wanted to go to England and be just like the British. I thought it was so cool having an accent, wearing cute uniforms to tame and having a leading royalty. Although that is still a dream Ive yet to live out, it was really interesting looking at this blog and seeing that Im not that far off. Some of the posts on the blog were about things that we talk about in America too, for instance, the movie/ musical Les Miserables as comfortably as International superstar, Justin Bieber.It is very cool to me that there are those parts of our culture that is shared by people all over the world. I set it very comforting and interesting that I could be listening to a Bieber song at the same time as someone across the world. However, as to be expected, parts of the blogs were about artists I have never heard of, and those posts were just as fascinating. I found myself reading about a veritable British musician and getting so intrigued that I had to go look up their music. I read a post about a young male musician named Jake Bugg.He was born and raised in England and his music often reflects that. The blogger said, His influences stretch back 40 years hes got some of the basic song structures of early Beatles tracks and theres more than a hint of the Bob Dylan troubadour style too. He a lso takes inspiration from the more recent generation of Britpop at times, he sounds like an early, acoustic version of Oasis. When I listened to some of his songs, they sound completely different than songs you would hear on familiar radio in America and thats just because the difference of culture.In my opinion, British music is a lot more meaningful and deep and rattling causes you to think and relate to the lyrics unlike some American music. Global youth culture around the world is a lot more similar than I thought I would find. I expected it to be a lot different but the fact is that we feed off each other. We use other cultures to constantly shape and change our own and vice versa. Whether its fashion, music, cuisine, or dance, we take ideas and use them to create a new addition to our culture. Thats what ties this satisfying world together and keeps us so connected.

What Effect Does Tourism Have on Jamaica

Extended Essay Jason Baugh enlighten Number 003311 Candidate Number 003311-005 Supervisor Mr. L. Holmes Name of School Hillel Academy Session 2012 Subject demesne Geography Research Question What effect does phaetonry have on Jamaica in relation to neighborly Friction and degradation on Natural Resources, specifically in the towns of Montego speak and Trelawney? Topic Areas holidaymakerry, environmental degradation, neighborly integration, cultural diffusion, learning, globalization. Table of Contents Abstract3 Introduction5 Jamaicas Hotel Industry6 Problem with Investors8 journey Tourism11 Jamaicas Investment in Cruise Tourism13Trelawney as a Capitol City15 Integrating phaetons and social friction17 Conclusion19 Abstract Jamaica is a much sought after tourist last and has a booming tourist industry that is second to to the highest degree none. With our large musical put to work well-nigh the world as well as being known as a re postnce for Rastafarians outside of Ethio pia there argon more(prenominal) than enough reasons to visit Jamaica. With a rocky economy, tourism is a necessity for Jamaica to develop and grow and earn more money. Development of hotels and facilities for augmentd visits from opposite countries, Jamaica relies more than incessantly on its natural resources that it is known for.Jamaica is accessible by air and water and caters to the contri preciselyors of oer 50% of our gross domestic product. unless with the measuring of volume visiting, our country is susceptible to a number of line of business of works resulting in an all all over To truly make whether or non our is toss offs natural resources atomic number 18 being degraded and if the nationals argon being exploited or becoming violent and unlawful or experiencing trouble from the enthronements and phylogenys in relation to tourism, we need to find out at what is being done for the evolution of that sector and the level of tourism Jamaica receives.There argon damages occurring to the environment as a result of the umpteen activities that are now being instituted to raise funds that are gene considerd by foreign investment and tourism. The pollution and degradation of the land complys from the building of larger buildings and increased water activity. Although these facilities are causing harm, through government legislations and application and abide to conservation laws that have been put in set over the historic period to facilitate and match the rate at which they are depleting. IntroductionThis look for pull up stakes look at the all of the tourist cheeks of Jamaica. This retrieves that it will need to focus the research on the Federal edge of the island because it contains most of the tourism attractions and accommodation development on the island. Tourism is a means of globalization, initiation countries to the knowledge outside of their own. Jamaica is a coarsely storied and known hole for tourists to visit, gi ving it a storied reputation that precedes itself on many occasions. With tourism, there are both good effects and bad effects.With tourism being Jamaicas of import source of in stimulate, the resources exploited are under constant use and mean that they stand to suffer the most and experience negative effects from constant interaction. The main focus of the essay will be on the towns of Trelawney and Montego Bay. These two areas are under deprivation a large amount of development and an increase in the amount of visitors that are being received. As mentioned above, there are several negative side effects and each of them is present in both of these areas of Jamaica Jamaicas Hotel IndustryJamaicas location geographically is the main attributor to its fame. Being of a tropical climate, the island attracts the type of masses that are seeking a type of holiday that includes activities base around the natural resources that the island has to offer. Activities as such include tree t op tours, river rafting, and coral snorkeling, anything that interacts with the strange plant and animal life. The hotels that have been developed across the northern coast are built for the aim of being central locations to activities same(p) the ones listed above.The developments of the hotels are investments of the hotel brands. Whilst Jamaica has the benefit of the popularity of the hotels name and the development of the area around the hotels increases the amount of money gained, the hotels benefit from the location for building another branch of their business. The hotel chains use the location to fuel their business. The six main hotel areas for Jamaica are Montego Bay (9,307 rooms), Ocho Rios (8,202 rooms), Negril (7,574 rooms), Kingston (2,347 rooms), the South Coast (1,369 rooms) and Port Antonio (995 rooms). (Figures from the quite a little 2030 Jamaica document. At present there are 160 hotels all over Jamaica, including mainly the larger more recognized hotel chains and leaving out the small enterprises around the island. The number of rooms easily exceeds 35,000 and seems to be increasing. Some hotels are easy to see that they have a large amount of rooms like the chains Iberostar having up to 890 rooms flowingly, Riu Hotels currently at 701 rooms in the Montego Bay branch and shed light on more at the 10 km long Ocho Rios branch with 856 supply rooms, the large Gran Bahia Principe hotel in Runaway Bay with a total of 831 rooms and the Grand Palladium with 540 rooms total.At present, Jamaica has a total of 29,794 rooms across all hotels and the number is only increasing with more and more development. At this rate the hotels would need to expand in a way that would create more rooms but dumbfound within the land that they own. In cases like these, it is common for the hotel chains to try and bend the conditions of their contracts, in an drive to exploit the government. The company that is most known for this type of bending is the Riu H otels chain. Problems with InvestorsThe first reported incident started in January of 2008, with their first offense being with the neighboring residents in Mammee Bay. The locals could tell that the water, since the beginning of the building from 2006, almost two twelvemonths ago, had been contaminated. Not only for neighboring residents but overly in the beachfronts, there had clear been contamination of the pristine amnionic fluid. That are one of Jamaicas claims to fame Continuing into the 22nd of April, Riu had not responded to the charges that was put against them and it unexpended the chairman of Mammee Bay no choice but to take them to court.At first, it had just been a problem of contamination of water but by taking the hotel chain to court a large amount of violations in building code was found, not only ones that are recognized globally but that they specifically signed not to do in their contracts with the government. On May 1st, Riu decided to respond publically by s aying that they would remove the decorations from the roofs and even tried to put the blame on the Mayor of the time, Mr. Charles Sinclair, for not having the plans approved. Their neglect of the building codes and building rules of Jamaica had gotten to the point that even Prime pastor, Mr.Bruce Golding, had to speak out about it. He like blue murder stated that Riu had to comply and demolish the floors that were not approved at the time or else they would face the abounding brunt of Jamaican law. Finally by May 22nd Riu finally succumb to the will of the government and fired up demolition equipment hired to take down the illegal floors. This case is a representation of the slipway that companies try to accomplish their goals by illegitimate means. By using im prudish building methods, the hotel is lacking in the quality and safety it needs. Since the incident, Riu ad legally acquired more land and were able to cattle ranch out but during the first instance, this hotel was contaminating the waters that its costumers were to be using and what is attracting and making people want to visit the Mamee Bay. By contaminating even the waterfront of the hotel, the reputation of Jamaicas clean beach waters and clean white gritstone are immediately ruined and the new contaminated image remains with them. Had their system of development stop, the waters of the Mamee Bay would be an environmental nightmare and take socio-economic classs to move them back to a strait-laced state.The case is also representative of the islands attitude towards its tourism sector, showing that they care for it greatly, by reacting quickly to the problems that were occurring and to get Riu to correct their procedures. This shows that the population apprehends the risks of polluting our resource and what impact it would have on our tourist industry. Jamaicas tourism stems also from activities that would open up Jamaica to other interests, rather than having it cater only to a rela xing place for people to get away. Attractions include natural or man- do horticultural, cultural, historical, equestrian, aquatic, aerial, eco-tourism, recreational and environmental facilities for tourists. (Page 5, Vision 2030 Jamaica) Jamaica has many diametric types of attractions, ranging from water parks in Negril and other water activities, nature trails and hiking and canopy tours and other nature themed and casualty type parks, several Natural parks around the island and natural attractions like the blue mountains and the beaches and canopies, all of which are centered around different types of activities that hotels can build around and cater for.Because they are so spread out across the island, it would mean that a visitor would want to experience all of the attractions and travel island wide to experience them all. Cruise Tourism Tourism from Cruising is still a good contribution to Jamaicas arrivals and shows for 38 pct of Jamaicas arrivals. In 2008 it was ledgered that 1. 1 million people arrived in on canvass broadcasts and cruise passengers spent US$ 91 million in the same year. Mainly the ships that come in to the ports belong the cruise lines Royal Caribbean Cruises and the Carnival Cruise companies.It is even thought that the main areas of our transport infrastructures are located in the expansion and progresss of our roads as well as in the airports and cruise line ports. The Ocho Rios port is shown to receive the most revenue but Jamaica also has a port in Montego Bay as well as Port Antonio. only even with the income from these ports, a fund known as the Tourism Enhancement Fund was introduced in 2005 where air passengers had to pay US$ 10. 00 and cruise passengers paid US$ 5. 00 through various means by the individual industries.The world cruise industry has go through prescribed results in the past five years with the number of passengers steady on the rise. In 2006 about 12. 1 million passengers took cruises to about calci ferol ports, and this increased to 13. 2 million in 2008. The Caribbean remains the main cruise destination, accounting for 38. 2% of all itineraries. Ocho Rios is the main port of call for cruise ships. It regularly receives 679,247 cruise passengers each year 62. 2% of total cruise passenger arrivals for that year. In second, Montego Bay received 405,999 cruise passengers representing 37. % of the total. Growth has been seen over the years in the growth of the cruise industry in relation to the continuing improvement in accessibility of ports and the quality and speed of travel on cruise ships. The average percent age of the GDP growth was usually 4. 5% every year. In 2006, the transport authority noticed that there was a spike in the countrys GDP growth where it reached up to 10%. It was discovered that this was delinquent to a series of natural disasters that affected Mexico as a vacation destination and leaving Jamaica as a default. In 2007 and 2008 the growth rate fell to 0 . 7 % and 2. 7 % respectively (Page 13, Vision 2030 Jamaica) and this was referable to both Mexico rebuilding themselves from their natural disaster but more importantly because in 2008 the world experienced the global recession crisis and this prohibited people from travel and peculiarly discouraged them from travel and taking vacations. But even though this was true the increase in the attractiveness and appeal to travel to Jamaica that cause the improvement of the tourism sector of the island has seen an increase in cruise passengers.The number of arrivals grew from 29% in the earlier years of tourism development 1982 to 38 % of total arrivals in 2008. Jamaicas Investment in Cruise Tourism Jamaica continues to have high levels of people coming in and welcomes over 1 million every year from cruise passengers come to visit our shores. This could be used as an indicator to show how much people think of Jamaica as a good tourist spot that we would be able to have record levels of c ruise attendance even through an economic recession, further solidifying Jamaica as a destination of choice. In 2006 the country experienced a record 1,336,994 cruise passengers arrivals, over the 1,135,843 for 2005. (Page 17, Vision 2030 Jamaica) These record visits did not go unrecognized and garnered Jamaica the awarded title Caribbeans Leading Cruise Destination for 2 years in a row and The beingnesss Leading Cruise Destination for the first time from the World Travel Awards in 2006. These titles come with a comparable steady growth of the industry of an average 3. 2% growth annually over the past five years from 2004-2008. The government is looking into the cruise ship industry with hope and eagerness.They are so hopeful that the government put a lot of development into a new wharf built into Falmouth to add to our al stool three existing wharfages. Tourism Minister Edmund Bartlett made a prediction in March 3 of 2011 that Trelawney will become the tourism capital of Jamaic a from the increase of people to be coming in from the pier. It was also announced that there is going to be an addition of 10,000 new hotel rooms for the parish over the next five years. This is in addition to the current thousands of rooms currently on the northern coast.By adding another capitol town with a new form of transport, Jamaica has made itself available to a new kind of tourism with larger quantities and expanding on what they already receive. With the opening of the pier in Trelawney brings new attraction abilities because of Trelawney as an old town. Tourists can be treated to artifacts from Jamaicas history. Trelawney as a Capitol We are going to make Trelawney the tourism Mecca of Jamaica. This parish, in the next five years will have 10,000 new hotel rooms. I went to Spain two weeks ago and put them back on track, the development at Oyster BayIt is going to go by (and) watch over the next 12 months what is going to happen at Harmony Cove, Bartlett told JLP bravee rs. (Jamaica Observer) The pier was estimated to hopefully bring in about US$ 500 million that will be able to be injected into the economy by the government. The pier and the tourism from the pier have created a number of jobs for the local area. The Tourism Product Development Company had trained over 400 residents of Trelawney by February of 2011 in various aspects of tourism as the parish prepares for its debut in the rising and steadily increasing cruise shipping arena.All of these efforts were put in place in the hope that the government gets Trelawney ready for a new bustling area of tourism for Jamaica to invest in thanks to the Falmouth Cruise delight Pier. Over US$ 50 million was spent on several aspects of the parish including training, aesthetic appearance, zinc fencing material removal, the creation of public parking areas and sanitary conveniences, the renovation of the historic Court House and many other improvements across the town of Falmouth to make it somewhere to visit again and more appealing. In addition to the training, over 1000 residents have been involved in tourism sensitization workshops.This aspect is very important aspect of helping the tourists become more acclimatized to our shade rather than giving them a culture shock, an aspect that ofttimes leaves many visitors with bad first impression and can affect tourism. The enthusiasm behind our increasing cruise industry brings in the prospect of new investments. In 2006 the Port Authority of Jamaica and Royal Caribbean Cruise contain (RCCL) signed a five year contract with each other, valued at over US$16. 5 million. This means that there will be a guarantee that the RCCL will provide a minimum of 2. million cruise passengers over the next five years and so gives us a dependable income. Additionally, the planned development of Falmouth as a brand new cruise port along with the planned expansion of the Port of Montego Bay are expected to boost the countrys chances of capitalizing from the changes in the industry. All of these changes in the ports will push the country to develop the other aspects to have a proper port like the marinas. Tourism Integration and Social Friction Social friction causes many of the problems that come from language barriers or rather problems that come from people not understanding each other.Another problem that arises is when tourists that come to visit get involved in the corruption or the horrible acts that people condone in Jamaica unfortunately. Also, bad impressions are also made when men are behaving inappropriately towards guests is something that would deter people from returning(a) the island. Integration of the tourists into Jamaican society smoothly is a concern of many companies and can lead to many problems because of several reasons. The most apparent and anticipated one is the fact that not all people are comfortable with mixing with members of another race or are outspokenly racist.Jamaicas majority is sour and so the tourist that come in may not act respectfully towards the nationals. Jamaican culture is centered around mutual respect and so if they do not show respect thence the nationals dont show any respect and the tourists, not understanding this, think that it is the Jamaicans fault. This leads into the other problem that is cultural barriers. Jamaicas culture is very strong and the people have a good sense of it. There are many beliefs and social norms that are different as would be visiting any country.Sometimes, unknowingly, a tourist may do something that is normal to them but is offensive to Jamaicans, especially in relation to homosexuals. Something that is known to bring women to the country is a service called Rent-a-Dread, where women will arrange from wherever they are to meet with a dread, a male escort that will be a companion for the women for as long as they have paid for. This is technically illegal because it is almost a form of prostitution. Unlike the weed servic es that are heavily advertised, this is kept more secret and is usually heard about from the friends of the women who have used it before.He problems that arise from this type of tourism is its conflict with sex trafficking laws and Jamaicas laws pertaining to prostitution and the fact that it is illegal. Even though it can be portrayed as a tourist integration service, the participants are still using money in the transaction of pleasure from the dread to the woman. For Trelawney, from 2005, the spirit of crime increase coupled with the future plans for development made residents of the town uneasy and sentiments of interruption of the multi billion-dollar investment were shared among the community.Police statistics from 2005 showed an increase in the amount of shooting crimes in that area, increasing by nine to a total of 17. It was more worrying that this was all hazard around the summer period. But of that same year there had been a decline in other forms of crime like break-i ns or larceny. Even in the last year, 2011, Trelawneys court had a fair share of crimes, most of which were reportedly sexually based crimes occurring very early within the year.But by the middle of the year the police force sought to correct the problems and made and effort to put in place a system that would help reduce crime. They employed the use of several classic methods, involving the community but mostly keeping abreast and alert to anything that was happening in the town to stay on top of it. In 2010 Trelawney had a record level of crime, dipping with 28 percent decrease in total crime for Jamaica, followed by 2011, which dipped by 27 percent by the March period of the year. Environmental DegradationOne of the main aspects of the environment that is damaged the most from interference of the tourist is the coral reef. As well as dealing with the tourist interaction, another aspect that is affecting the reefs are the increased levels of activity of the cruise ships coming in , especially with the addition of the Trelawney Pier. The coral reefs in the Caribbean are famous for how much life they have and for how clear it is. Untrained observers of the coral reef dont understand the delicate balance of the reef and accidently throw it out of sync and cause the coral to start bleaching.A U. K. maritime scientist M. J. C. Crabbe was quoted from his work Marine Environmental Research, which looked at Jamaicas coral reefs and attributed the changes to several aspects of environmental interference in a bog known as the World Climate Report. His finding were entered in a kinfolk 13th 2010 entry by an admin of the blog, and was quoted as to saying that the corals state of health derived from Coastal development increase, overfishing, land being developed adjacent to reefs and the work being done on Jamaicas north coast road development.He also went on to state that there had been improvement to the fringing corals in discovery bay at the end of 2008 and that th ere would have been hope but the fishermen of the area did not implement the preservation evasive action that were to be installed. Conclusion Jamaica spends a lot of money on the development of new facilities to generate more income. There are new attractions being built and put up all around the place. expression and finishing of buildings and roads are happening fast and will be able to escalate our development in other areas of the country.A lot of the investments from foreign companies were not based on the best of contracts and so resulted in an exploitation of the country in the tax breaks and the cost of import for the foreign companies is lower, all done in hopes that it would create positive effects but it resulted in exploitation of the countries resources. There is hope that the resources will last gain stability and increase at a sustainable rate and continue into the future.With legislations and laws put in place to support sustainable development, Jamaica should be on the right track to being able to continue development on the tourist sector. The coral reefs are being protected by restriction s on aquatic traffic and sanctuaries. The building of hotels and attractions destroys the environment but with new legislations and building laws, they help support the environment and stimulate growth. I believe that Jamaicas resources will be able to sustain development because of the current laws, legislations and systems put in place.Bibliography * http//statinja. gov. jm/ * http//www. visitjamaica. com/ * http//www. worldclimatereport. com/index. php/2010/09/13/coral-bleaching/ * http//www. vision2030. gov. jm/Portals/0/Speeches/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Overview%20of%20launch%20of%20Vision%202030%20Jamaica-%20National%20Development%20Plan,%20Popular%20Version. pdf * http//jamaica-gleaner. com/ * http//www. jamaicaobserver. com/ * http//jamaica-gleaner. com/gleaner/20050629/lead/lead4. html * http//jamaica-gleaner. com/gleaner/20110223/news/news91. ht ml *

Cost Centres, Profit Centres, Investment Centres Essay

The increasing complexity of nows business environment discombobulates it virtually impossible for most firms to be controlled centrally. Decentralisation is a requirement response to this increasing complexity and involves the delegation of decision-making state by senior management to sub-ordinates. The structure is much(prenominal) that decision making is dispersed to various wholes within the constitution, with managers at various levels making key decisions relating to their mall of duty. These shopping malls of organisational activity argon known as responsibility inwardnesss and may be defined as a unit of a firm where an individual manager is held responsible for the units accomplishment.1The carrying into action of each centre and its manager is beatnikd and controlled through a system of responsibility accounting which is establish on the principles of locating responsibility and tracing be/revenue/ coronations etc. to the individual managers who ar in the b eginning responsible. The division of the firm into sepa ordainly identifiable units of responsibility allows for more(prenominal) accurate measure of managerial public presentation beca employ local information is more thorough. Overall, in narrate to obtain an accurate measurement of managerial functioning, measures should be base on elements which the manager basin control or signifi piletly influence.There be threesome of import types of responsibility centre. A equal centre is the lowest level of responsibility, and performance is measured in terms of the costs incurred by it. Cost centres do non generate revenue and thitherfore concord no dough objectives, which unalikeiates it from net income and empowerment centres. Managers of cost centres are accountable only for controllable costs and are not responsible for level of activity or long-term investment decisions. Managerial performance is measured by efficiency of operations in terms of the quantity of inpu ts apply in producing a given end product.The basis of this type of measurement lies in comparing actual inputs to budgeted controllable costs or some predetermined level that represents efficient utilisation. Cost control and efficiency of operations are the main elements of this type of unit. However, costs in general can be difficult to measure, trace and allocate and it can be difficult to differentiate between controllable and uncontrollable costs. This poses a major drawback for the evaluation of cost centres and their management, since cost is its main element of measurement. The focus being mainly on costs, corrects this centre some-what weak in terms of evaluation and measurement of managerial performance.Cost centres can be split into two different types standard cost centres and discretionary cost centres. In the former, measurement is exercised by comparing standard cost with actual cost. Variances would be indicative of the efficiency of the centre and therefore its managers performance. Discretionary cost centres are centres where output cannot be measured in pecuniary terms, for example advertising and publicity, R&D etc. manipulate normally takes the form of ensuring that actual expenditure adheres to budgeted expenditure for each expense category.2 However, a major problem with this type of responsibility centre is the measurement of the effectiveness of expenditure and the determination of the efficiency of the centre itself and its management.A hit centre offers an additional element to the measurement process in that both inputs and outputs are measured in monetary terms. The manager of a returns centre has increased autonomy as s/he is responsible for revenue as well as costs hence it is easier to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of managerial performance in financial terms. In this situation, managers are normally impeccant to set selling prices, choose which markets to sell in, make product-mix and output decisions and select suppliers.3 A net profit centre differs form a cost centre in that its main objective is to maximise profit and the performance of the manager is measured in terms of profit made. Top executives allocate assets to a profit centre, and the manager is responsible for using these assets to make a profit. Each profit centre has a profit target and has the authority to adopt such policies that are necessary to achieve these targets.Profit centre managers are evaluated by comparing actual profit to targeted profit. Profit analysis using profitability ratios or segment income statements are used as a basis for evaluating managerial performance. The major issue with profit statements is the barrier in deciding what is controllable or traceable, and in order to assess the managers performance rather than the scotch performance of the unit, measures must be based on controllable profit only. Another difficulty lifts in allocating revenue and costs to profit centres, as it is unlik ely that the profit centre is completely independent. This has prompted many firms to use multiple performance measures such as a balanced scorecard, which measures non-financial as well as financial elements of the unit.The measurement of profit is also compounded by the use of transfer prices and agreeing on its fairness. impartation prices are allocated to goods transferred from one unit to another within a firm. The implication of transfer prices is that for the selling unit it will be a source of revenue and for the receiving unit it is an element of cost, and as a exit each division may act in its own interests. Transfer pricing therefore has a significant bearing when calculating revenues, costs and profits of responsibility centres. The choice of transfer pricing rule is important because it affects cultivation congruence as well as performance measurement. However, it is difficult to determine the redress transfer price, as there are a capacious variety of methods ava ilable, varying from negotiation to approaches based on the market or based on cost.The investment centre manager has increased responsibility in comparison to the cost and profit centre managers and as a result there are further options for managerial performance measurement by top management. The investment centre manager has responsibility for revenue and costs, and also has the authority to make working capital investment decisions. This type of unit represents the highest level of managerial autonomy. An investment centre differs from a profit centre in that investment centre management is evaluated on the basis of the rate of return earned on the assets employed or the residual income earned, while profit centre management is evaluated on the basis of excess revenue over expenses for the period. The manager in centering has the objective of profitability, depending not only on sales but also on profitability of the capital used.Overall, investment centres offer the broadest b asis for measurement in the sense that managerial performance is measured not only in terms of profits, but also in terms of assets employed to generate those profits. work can be measured using a variety of tools, and this ensures that the drawbacks of one method are bastinado by the merits of another. This in turn leads to more accurate results and is one of the main reasons why investment centres are so popular as a means of managerial performance measurement in outstanding companies.Both the effectiveness and the efficiency of the manager can be assessed by reference to the accounting data available. Investment centres offer many qualities required for good managerial performance measurement. For example, they provide incentives to the unit manager, they can recognise long-term objectives as well as short-term objectives and the increased responsibility means there are more controllable factors for use in performance measurement calculations.Return on investment is a measure ment approach in common use in investment centres. This method has the avail of being simple and easy to calculate. ROI expresses divisional profit as a percentage of the assets employed in the division.4 It has the further advantage of motivating managers to achieve the best return on investments in order to achieve the associated rewards. ROI provides a return measure that controls the size and is comparable to other measures. It can be used as a common denominator for comparing the returns of resembling businesses, such as other divisions within the multitude or outside competition. It is widely used and most managers understand what the measure reflects.However, some complications arise in the calculation of this method. For example, difficulties regarding the calculation of profit, some of which are described above. Profit can be defined in a number of ways and this enables the rule to be manipulated. In the case of the figure for investments, the question arises whether th is should be total assets (gross or depreciated), total operating assets or net total assets. The result would differ in each case, but if consistency is maintained throughout the organisation, decisions would remain unaffected.Another difficulty that may arise in relation to this method is that managers may focus on self-interests rather than the overall goal of the organisationand some profitable opportunities may be ignored because s/he fears potential dilution of existing roaring endeavours. Furthermore, ROI does not adequately recognise risk. A manager who gene rank a large ROI result may be investing in riskier assets which may not be consistent with organisational goals. Use of ROI as a managerial performance measure can lead to under or over investment in assets or incorrect asset disposal decisions, in order to achieve the result the manager requires to accomplish his reward.To outdo some of the above difficulties, many firms use residual income to evaluate managerial per formance. This method seeks to motivate managers to invest where the expect returns exceed the cost of capital. For the purpose of managerial performance measurement, it compares the controllable contribution of an investment with the targeted rate of return.5 There is a greater possibility that managers will be encouraged to act in the best interests of the company. Another advantage of this method is that it is more flexible because different cost of capital rates can be applied for different levels or risk. Though ROI and RI operate on a similar basis, RI proves better in certain circumstances. For example, if ROI is chosen as the measuring technique, managers may be reluctant to make additional investments in fixed assets as it may bring down the ROI for their centre. RI calculation results would be more accurate in these situations.However, residual income does not overcome the problem of determining the value of assets or the figure to be used for profit. If RI is used in a sh ort-term perspective, it can over- speech patterne short-term performance at the expense of long-term performance. Investment projects with positive net present values can show wretched ROI and RI results in early years, leading to rejection of projects by managers. Residual income also experiences problems in comparing managerial performance in divisions of different sizes. The manager of the larger division will generally show a high RI because of the size of the division rather then superior managerial performance. Another drawback for this method is that it requires an estimate of the cost of capital, a figure which can be difficult to calculate.Economic value added is an extension of the residual income measurement. It measures profusion value created by total investments which include funds provided by banks, shareholders etc. Its key element is the emphasis on after-tax operating profit and the actual annual cost of capital. The latter aspect differentiates it from the RI measure, which uses the minimum expected rate of return. EVA is a further step towards encouraging centre managers to concentrate on the overall goal of the organisation rather than their own self interests, hence reducing dysfunctional behaviour.The above measures are financial measures. As stated previously, it is important also to study non-financial aspects, such as customer satisfaction, quality, internal processes, increment etc. in order to get a more complete picture when measuring managerial performance. The above measures also focus on performance within the investment centre and do not consider the performance relative to overall company objectives.In conclusion, it can be stated that in order to assess managerial performance as opposed to the economic performance of the division, it is vital to make a distinction between the controllable and uncontrollable elements used in the chosen calculations. Each measurement technique is not without limitations, but these difficul ties can be overcome by using a wide variety of measurement tools and striking the right balance between them. Of the three types of responsibility centre, an investment centre can be considered to yield better results, as it allows for the broadest basis for measurement, making it widely popular as a means of managerial performance measurement.1 C. Drury, precaution and Cost Accounting, sixth Ed. P. 6532 C. Drury, Management and Cost Accounting, 6th Ed. P. 6543 C. Drury, Management and Cost Accounting, 6th Ed. P. 654/655 4 C. Drury, Management and Cost Accounting, 6th Ed. P. 8455 IPA Manual, Management Accounting, P 239

How Does Wal Mart Motivate Their Employees

Wal Mart motivates their employees with health and financial benefits. Some of these implicate health, dental and animation insurance, and an eyewear program. Employees also receive a 401(k) plan, have the opportunity to purchase stock, receive a discount card and can receive special discounts on travel and entertainment.My work at Walmart is closely savings, but my benefits are about security. Im Making Better Possible. Melissa, Pharmacy TechOur Benefits team works hard to carry associates comprehensive and affordable benefits to help you stay healthy. When you become an associate, you can take advantage of a pattern of great benefits for you and your family, including Health & Well-Being BenefitsConsumer-directed health plans, including Health Reimbursement Accounts (HRA) plans and a high deductible plan with a Health Savings Account (HSA). Highlights include 100 percent coverage for eligible in-network preventive grapple $4 co-pay on eligible generic drugs at Walmart or Sams Club pharmacies palliate access to nurse care managers and health care advisors HMO plans (available in certain areas)Vision plan dental consonant plan Resources For Living a free confidential counseling and health information service Company-paid life insurance Accidental death & dismemberment insurance (AD&D) Critical illness insurance Short- and long-term harm insurance Business Travel Accident Insurance Illness Protection (Sick Time) Financial BenefitsMatching contributions to your 401(k) up to 6% of your salary Associate Stock Purchase Plan with a company match Associate snub Card for Walmart and Home Office associates and Sams Club Home Office associates, spouses and dependents Sams Club associates receive a complimentary membership Exclusive discounts on everything from brand new cars and radio set services to travel when associates visit our online Associate Discount Center more than 375 discounts available

Government Intervention in the Housing Market and Is It Ethical?

Government encumbrance in the Housing Market and is it Ethical? Intermediate Micro scotchs Two schools of musical theme encompass the handling of presidential term into the national economy. On the one hand there be those who believe that state intervention is non only beneficial simply also essential for the creation of a stable economy. However, there withal atomic number 18 those who contend that establishment intervention sub-optimises the economy and the free grocery store should be left to its birth devices. The current state of the domestic housing mart helps to build a foundation for those who advocate for greater government intervention in the economy.Owning your own home is for many a life-long goal government intervention has the ability to bring this dream to fruition for those in measlyer socioeconomic circumstances. A combination of taxation, subsidized mortgage evaluate and government incentive schemes are the most commonly used tools of intervention into the housing market that are available to interventionist national governments. Opponents of this theory believe that letting the free market cross the housing sector is the fairest and most effective pith of reducing or eliminating government intervention every last(predicate) together.There are, however, ethical issues intertwined with government intervention in spite of appearance the housing market and these issues must be weighed up against the economic and social benefits. Without edict many would find homeownership to be un cheap and unattainable. Microeconomic theory states that lower evaluate of owner-occupied homeownership would affect the supply and demand for housing within the residential market. therefore forcing the price of rentable station easily above what many lower socioeconomic families are able to afford.This subsequently has a flow-on effect, rates of home ownership tend to be in lower in areas of low socioeconomic standing, where unemployment is high, income is low and consumer confidence is down. A desire to increase the rates of homeownership is the catalyst for government intervention in the market. For this soil governments seek to regulate the housing market as a means of making it an attractive and last more affordable investment for the average family. Homeownership is central to a states economic re tear and overall financial stability. Residential investment constitutes a astronomical portion of national capital formation.Poterba writes In the United States, real estate itself accounts for more than 1/3 of all fixed capital job and a similar fraction of real assets in other developed countries (Poterba, 1989). Economic policy commonly provides favorable income tax incentives to homeowners government incentives, for example first time buyers tax credits and subsidised mortgages. These policies are usually the only reason prospective homeowners are able to draw in the market. Economics teaches mass to do to incentives therefore homeowners entrance into the owner-occupied sector creates economic responsibility by means of servicing a mortgage.This action forces homeowners into stable employment, relative income and creates consumer confidence all factors of microeconomic stimulation within the economy. Government intervention within the housing market is both ethical and unethical. Some would say that government intervention within any market is unethical. Ethically is it right for a government to intervene in the economy, as what was once used as a market mechanism can in turn become a market norm. Government intervention is see by many as the government initiating force and imposing on ones right to liberty. Morally and ethically that would be an injustice upon ones self.But with that in read/write head governments introduce economic policy because they have a moral obligation to help those who are slight able. Morally the government has the duty to ensure that those who are disadv antaged are given equal opportunities to succeed. harmonise to social contract theory and those who would subscribe to the Hobbesian state of nature one ethical stream of thought would say that governments should not exist in the market place at all. If and only when it is essential then they are only in place to offer retaliation of force in order to obey individuals rights. In turn preserving free markets.It is well documented that the United States regulation within the housing market is unethical. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac whom of which are both government backed and subsidised mortgage lenders, were seen as too enlarged to fail. Until they did, the way government policy was constructed almost these two giants of the housing market was so ethically and chastely corrupt that it poisoned the entire economy. Economic policies put in place would allow almost anyone homeownership, policies that allow no deposit, no proof of employment and no proof of income are themselves mora lly corrupt.This type of regulation would find to a gross ethical breach. Policy that allowed individuals to set themselves up for failure is obviously morally corrupted. The bargainer alternative to government intervention in the housing market is to end all government regulation and state-mandated economic policy from the market, effectively creating a truly free market. Common consensus on free markets are that inherently people will choose to better themselves without the need for government regulation and naturally people will choose to improve their situation.In an article published by the Brookings Institute, former chairman of the United States federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, hypothesized that this alternative to government intervention would result in interest rates and mortgage rates would intelligibly be higher and the size housing market would be significantly smaller (Greenspan, 2011). This limits the access to affordable housing, a lack of government intervention would essentially eradicate achievable ownership house prices would hang glide negatively affecting demand while the size of the market would shrink simultaneously, severely limiting a markets housing supply for both purchase and rent.Hennessy explains under these economic conditions, High mortgage interest rates and high down payment requirements might prove that the opportunity cost of owning is too high (Hennessey, 2001). Therefore as previously mentioned unattainable homeowner ship would lead to a downturn in the economy, aerodynamic lift unemployment, decreasing the supply of rental property, decreasing the demand for property both for home owners and investors as well as leading to a downturn in consumer confidence all of which create a large negative effect on the economy and decrease economic growth.In conclusion the economic case for government intervention is strong. Governments are in place to help those less fortunate, this type of economic policy not only helps stimul ate the economy in a multitude of ways but it also enables homeowners to enter the market, creating economic growth and long term financial stability. The argument, government intervention in the housing market is systemically flawed, due to sub-optimisation of the economy and erosion of free markets is incorrect.There is however a lesson to be learnt from what has happened with government intervention within the housing market, namely the global economic crisis. This was not entirely due to government regulation but in some ways the opposite, not enough regulation. Ethically there are strong views around government intervention and some do have merits. Namely market mechanisms used to guide economic policy, they can then become seen as market norms.When this happens you erode the moral value of what you are nerve-racking to accomplish in the first place. References Greenspan, A. (2011). Imagining a Housing Market Without Government Intervention. Retrieved 25-09-2012, 2012 Poterba, J. M. (1989). Residential Real res publica and Capital Formations. Regional Science and Economics. Hennessey, S. M. (2001). The Impact of the Tenure Choice Decision on Future phratry Wealth.

Project Management and Monitoring

monitor is the lawful rumination and recording of activities taking place in a image or programme. It is a bear on of routinely gathering teaching on all aspects of the spew. To monitor is to check on how parturiency activities atomic number 18 feelering. It is posting outlineatic and purposeful observation. Monitoring also involves giving feedback rough the progress of the insure to the givers, implementers and beneficiaries of the project. Reporting modifys the collect schooling to be used in making decisions for improving project performance.Monitoring is the systematic collection and epitome of discipline as a project progresses. It is aimed at improving the efficiency and impressioniveness of a project or g everyplacening body. It is prowd on targets set and activities planned during the plan phases of thrash. It helps to keep the work on stinger, and bottomland let way fuck when topics argon going wrong. If done properly, it is an invalu competent tool for good management, and it provides a profitable base for paygrade.It enables you to determine whether the resources you engender available argon sufficient and atomic number 18 existence healthy used, whether the capacity you film is sufficient and appropriate, and whether you are doing what you planned to do Purpose of Monitoring Monitoring is actually beta in project planning and implementation. It is like watching where you are going while ride a bicycle you mountain correct as you go along and ensure that you are on the right track. Monitoring provides information that allow for be useful in Analyzing the situation in the confederation and its project Determining whether the inputs in the project are well utilized Identifying problems facing the community or project and finding solutions Ensuring all activities are carried out properly by the right people and in time Using lessons from one project experience on to another and Determining whether the way the project was planned is the most appropriate way of solving the problem at hand. grooming, Monitoring and Controlling roll pic Importance of Monitoring Monitoring is important because it provides the only consolidated source of information showcasing project progress it allows actors to learn from each others experiences, building on expertise and knowledge it often generates (written) reports that grant to transparency and accountability, and allows for lessons to be shared more than easily it reveals mistakes and offers paths for learning and improvements it provides a basis for wondering and examen assumptions it provides a message for agencies seeking to learn from their experiences and to incorporate them into policy and practice it provides a way to pass judgment the crucial link between implementers and beneficiaries on the ground and decision-makers it adds to the retention and growth of institutional memory it provides a more robust basis for raising fun ds and influencing policy. WHY DO MONITORING? Monitoring enable you to check the bottom line (see Glossary of Terms) of disciplinement work Not are we making a profit? however are we making a dispute? Through monitoring and evaluation, you can _ study progress _ Identify problems in planning and/or implementation _ Make adjustments so that you are more likely to make a difference.In many faces, monitoring and evaluation is whateverthing that that is seen as a donor requirement rather than a management tool. Donors are certainly entitled to know whether their money is being properly spent, and whether it is being well spent. But the primary (most important) use of monitoring and evaluation should be for the presidency or project itself to see how it is doing against objectives, whether it is having an bushel, whether it is working efficiently, and to learn how to do it remedy. Plans are essential but they are not set in concrete (totally fixed). If they are not working, or if the circumstances replace, then plans indigence to change too.Monitoring and evaluation are both tools which help a project or organization know when plans are not working, and when circumstances have changed. They give management the information it needinesss to make decisions about the project or organisation, about changes that are necessary in strategy or plans. Through this, the constants outride the pillars of the strategic framework the problem depth psychology, the vision, and the values of the project or organisation. Everything else is negotiable. (See also the toolkit on strategic planning) get something wrong is not a crime. Failing to learn from past mistakes because you are not monitoring and evaluating, is.The effect of monitoring and evaluation can be seen in the following cycle. Note that you will monitor and adjust several times before you are ready to evaluate and replan. Monitoring involves _ Establishing indicators (See Glossary of Terms) of efficiency , forcefulness and bear upon _ Setting up systems to collect information relating to these indicators _ Collecting and recording the information _ Analysing the information _ Using the information to inform day-to-day management. Monitoring is an internal function in any project or organisation. WHAT DO WE WANT TO KNOW? What we expect to know is linked to what we think is important. In development work, what we think is important is linked to our values.Most work in civil society organisations is underpinned by a value framework. It is this framework that determines the standards of acceptableness in the work we do. The central values on which most development work is built are _ Serving the disadvantaged _ Empowering the disadvantaged _ Changing society, not just helping individuals _ Sustainability _ Efficient use of resources. So, the front thing we need to know is Is what we are doing and how we are doing it meeting the requirements of these values? In pasture to arrange this question, our monitoring and evaluation system must give us information about _ Who is benefiting from what we do? How often are they benefiting? Are beneficiaries passive recipients or does the bidding enable them to have some control everywhere their lives?_ Are there lessons in what we are doing that have a broader impact than just what is happening on our project? _ Can what we are doing be sustained in some way for the long-term, or will the impact of our work cease when we leave? _ Are we getting optimum outputs for the least possible come up of inputs? MONITORING When you design a monitoring system, you are taking a formative view situation and establishing a system that will provide useful information on an ongoing basis so that you can improve what you do and how you do it. On the next page, you will find a suggested process for designing a monitoring system.For a case study of how an organisation went about designing a monitoring system, go to the section with ex amples, and the example given of designing a monitoring system. Monitoring innovation A MONITORING SYSTEM Below is a step-by-step process you could use in order to design a monitoring system for your organisation or project. For a case study of how an organisation went about designing a monitoring system, go to examples. Step 1 At a shop with appropriate staff and/or volunteers, and run by you or a consultant_ Introduce the concepts of efficiency, durability and impact (see Glossary of Terms). _ Explain that a monitoring system needs to cover all three. pay a list of indicators for each of the three aspects. _ Clarify what variables (see Glossary of Terms) need to be linked. So, for example, do you command to be able to link the age of a teacher with his/her qualifications in order to answer the question Are older teachers more or less likely to have higher qualifications? _ Clarify what information the project or organisation is already collecting. Step 2 Turn the input from th e workshop into a brief for the questions your monitoring system must be able to answer. Depending on how complex your requirements are, and what your capacity is, you may decide to go for a computerised data base or a manual one.If you want to be able to link many variables across many cases (e. g. participants, schools, parent involvement, resources, urban/rural etc), you may need to go the computer route. If you have a few variables, you can probably do it manually. The important thing is to begin by knowing what variables you are interested in and to keep data on these variables. Linking and analysis can take place later. (These concepts are complicated. It will help you to read the case study in the examples section of the toolkit. ) From the workshop you will know what you want to monitor. You will have the indicators of efficiency, effectiveness and impact that have been prioritised.You will then choose the variables that will help you answer the questions you think are im portant. So, for example, you might have an indicator of impact which is that safer sex options are chosen as an indicator that young people are now making informed and mature lifestyle choices. The variables that might affect the indicator embarrass _ hop on _ Gender _ Religion _ Urban/rural _ Economic category _ Family environment _ Length of exposure to your projects initiative _ issuing of workshops expected. By keeping the right information you will be able to answer questions such as _ Does age make a difference to the way our message is standard? _ Does economic category i. e. o young people in richer areas respond better or worsened to the message or does it make no difference?_ Does the number of workshops attended make a difference to the impact? Answers to these kinds of questions enable a project or organisation to make decisions about what they do and how they do it, to make informed changes to programmes, and to measure their impact and effectiveness. Answers to q uestions such as _ Do more people attend sessions that are organised well in advance? _ Do more schools participate when there is no charge? _ Do more young people attend when sessions are over weekends or in the evenings? _ Does it price less to run a workshop in the community, or to bring people to our didactics centre to run the workshop? nable the project or organisation to measure and improve their efficiency.Step 3 get back how you will collect the information you need (see collecting information) and where it will be kept (on computer, in manual files). Step 4 Decide how often you will analyse the information this means putting it unneurotic and trying to answer the questions you think are important. Step 5 Collect, analyse, report. PURPOSE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION What development preventives make a difference? Is the project having the intended results? What can be done differently to better meet goals and objectives? These are the questions that monitoring and ev aluation allow organizations to answer.Monitoring and evaluation are important management tools to track your progress and facilitate decision making. While some funders require some type of evaluative process, the sterling(prenominal) beneficiaries of an evaluation can be the community of people with whom your organization works. By closely examining your work, your organization can design programs and activities that are effective, efficient, and yield powerful results for the community. Definitions are as follows Monitoring can be specify as a continuing function that aims primarily to provide the management and chief(prenominal) stakeholders of an ongoing intervention with early indications of progress, or lack thereof, in the carry by means ofment of results.An ongoing intervention might be a project, program or other kind of support to an outcome. Monitoring helps organizations track achievements by a regular collection of information to assist timely decision making, ens ure accountability, and provide the basis for evaluation and learning. strategic QUESTIONS In conducting monitoring and evaluation efforts, the specific areas to consider will depend on the actual intervention, and its verbalize outcomes. Areas and examples of questions include Relevance Do the objectives and goals match the problems or needs that are being addressed? capacity Is the project delivered in a timely and cost-effective manner? Effectiveness To what extent does the intervention achieve its objectives? What are the supportive factors and obstacles encountered during the implementation? Impact What happened as a result of the project? This may include intended and unintended positive and negative effects. Sustainability Are there lasting benefits after the intervention is consummate? COMMON TERMS Monitoring and evaluation take place at different levels. The following lash defines the common terms with examples. INPUTS The financial, human, and material resources use d for the development intervention. Technical Expertise Equipment Funds ACTIVITIES Actions taken or work performed.Training workshops conducted OUTPUTS The products, capital goods, and services that result from a development intervention. Number of people trained Number of workshops conducted OUTCOMES The likely or achieved short-term and medium-term effects or changes of an interventions outputs. Increased skills New recitation opportunities IMPACTS The long-term consequences of the program, may be positive and negative effects. Improved standard of living STEP-BY-STEP Planning for Monitoring and Evaluation Steps for designing a monitoring and evaluation system depend on what you are trying to monitor and evaluate. The following is an outline of some general steps you may ake in thinking through at the time of planning your activities1. Identify who will be involved in the design, implementation, and reporting. Engaging stakeholders helps ensure their perspectives are understood a nd feedback is incorporated. 2. Clarify scope, purpose, intended use, audience, and budget for evaluation. 3. Develop the questions to answer what you want to learn as a result of your work. 4. Select indicators. Indicators are meant to provide a clear means of measuring achievement, to help assess the performance, or to reflect changes. They can be either quantitative and/or qualitative. A process indicator is information that focuses on how a program is implemented. 5.Determine the data collection methods. Examples of methods are document reviews, questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. 6. Analyze and synthesize the information you obtain. Review the information obtained to see if there are patterns or trends that emerge from the process. 7. Interpret these findings, provide feedback, and make recommendations. The process of analyzing data and understanding findings should provide you with recommendations about how to sustain your work, as well as any mid-term adjustments you ma y need to make. 8. Communicate your findings and insights to stakeholders and decide how to use the results to settle your organizations efforts.Monitoring and evaluation not only help organizations reflect and understand past performance, but serve as a guide for constructive changes during the period of implementation. Why have a slender toolkit on monitoring and evaluation? If you dont care about how well you are doing or about what impact you are having, why bother to do it at all? Monitoring and evaluation enable you to assess the quality and impact of your work, against your action plans and your strategic plan. In order for monitoring and evaluation to be really valuable, you do need to have planned well. Planning is dealt with in detail in other toolkits on this website. Who should use this toolkit?This toolkit should be useful to anyone working in an organisation or project who is concerned about the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the work of the project or organ isation. When will this toolkit be useful? This toolkit will be useful when _ You are setting up systems for data collection during the planning phases of a project or organisation _ You want to analyse data collected through the monitoring process _ You are concerned about how efficiently and how effectively you are working _ You reach a pegleg in your project, or in the life of your organisation, when you think it would be useful to evaluate what impact the work is having _ Donors ask for an external evaluation of your organisation and or work. DESIGNING A MONITORING SYSTEM end STUDYWhat follows is a description of a process that a South African organisation called Puppets against aid went through in order to develop a monitoring system which would feed into monitoring and evaluation processes. The main work of the organisation is presenting workshopped plays and/or puppet shows related to lifeskill issues, especially those lifeskills to do with sexuality, at schools, across t he country. The organisation works with a range of age groups, with different products (scripts) being appropriate at different levels. Puppets against AIDS wanted to develop a monitoring and evaluation system that provided useful information on the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of its operations. To this end, it wanted to develop a data base thatProvided all the basic information the organisation compulsory about clients and services given _ Produced reports that enabled the organisation to inform itself and other stakeholders, including donors, partners and even schools, about the impact of the work, and what affected the impact of the work. The organisation made a decision to go for a computerised monitoring system. such(prenominal) of the day-to-day information needed by the organisation was already on a computerised data base (e. g. schools, regions, services provided and so on), but the monitoring system would require a substantial upgrading and the development of dat a base software specific to the organisations needs.The organisation also made the decision to develop a system initially for a pilot project, but with the intention of extending it to all the work over time. This pilot project would work with about 60 schools, using different scripts each year, over a period of three years. In order to raise the money needed for this process, Puppets against AIDS needed some kind of a brief for what was required so that it could be costed. At an initial workshop with staff, facilitated by consultants, the staff generated a list of indicators for efficiency, effectiveness and impact, in relation to their work. These were the things staff wanted to know from the system about what they did, how they did it, and what difference it made. The terms were defined as followsEfficiency Here what needed to be assessed was how quickly, how correctly, how cost effectively and with what use of resources the services of the organisation were offered. Much of this information was already collected and was contained in reports which reflected planning against achievement. It needed to be made computer friendly. Effectiveness Here what needed to be assessed was getting results in terms of the strategy and shorter-term impact. For example, were the puppet shows an effective means of communicating messages about sexuality? Again, this information was already being collected and just needed to be adapted to fit the computerised system.Impact Here what needed to be assessed was whether the strategy worked in that it had an impact on changing behaviour in individuals (in this case the students) and that that change in behaviour impacted positively on Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation by Janet Shapiro (email emailprotected co. za that happens when a donor insists on it, in fact, monitoring and evaluation are invaluable internal management tools. If you dont assess how well you are doing against targets and indicators, you may go on using resources to no useful end, without changing the situation you have identified as a problem at all. Monitoring and evaluation enable you to make that assessment.